Oil Palm Bunch

Only the oil palm industry in Malaysia produces more than a million tones of empty fruit bunches annually as a by-product [48]. Oil palm fiber is anticipated to be a promising raw material due to its toughness [49]. Hasibuan and Daud [48] investigated the effect of super heated steam drying on the surface morphology, color and tensile properties of oil palm empty fruit bunch fibers. John et al. [49] developed oil palm 

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Extracts of the male oil palm bunch moths, Tirathaba mundella Walker (Lepidoptera Pyralidae), were shown to contain four compounds namely, 5S, 65)-2,2,6-trimethyl-6-vinyl-tetrahydro-pyran-3-ol, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzaldehyde (vanillin), 6,10,l4-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone, and the corresponding alcohol 6,10,l4-trimethyl-2-pentadecanol, which elicited responses from the females. However, when synthetic compounds were used in lures, the ketone and alcohol by themselves did not attract females, suggesting that they might not be an essential part of the blend. This can only be confirmed once their absolute configuration has been determined and the proper stereoisomers tested in the... 

Chapters 2-10 discuss in detail the different properties of natural lignocellulosic fibers, their processing and fabrication of polymer composites. Chapter 11 summarizes the structure, chemistry and properties of different agro-residual fibers such as wheat straw corn stalk, cob and husks okra stem banana stem, leaf, bxmch reed stalk nettle pineapple leaf sugarcane oil palm bunch and coconut husk along with their processing. 

Sun, R. C. Fang, J. M. Tomkinson, J. Fractional isolation and structural characterization of lignins from oil palm trunk and empty fruit bunch fibres. J. Wood Chem. Technol. 1999, 19, 335-356. 

Keywords Black liquor, crystallization process, oil palm empty fmit bunches, soda lignin, vanillin... 

The oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) raw material in this study was supplied by Sabutek (M) Sdn. Bhd., Teluk Intan, Malaysia, a local company specializing in the recycling of EFB. The black liquor of EFB was supplied by the School of Technological Industiy, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). This study was conducted... 

Oil Yield Components. Palm oil and pahn kernel oil are obtained from the oil palm fruit. Yield of oil can be considered in terms of various components the two main components are yield of fruit bunches and oil—bunch weight ratio (or extraction ratio). Fruit yield can be considered in terms of the component bunch number and mean bunch weight. Bunch weight increases with palm age while bunch number decreases. The first yield of fruit bunches normally ripen during... 

As shown in Figure 11 the processing of fresh fruit bunches generated about 1.5 tons of empty fruit bunches (EFB), 1.6 tons of palm press fibers, 0.9 ton of palm kernel shell, 2.4 tons sterilizer condensate, and 0.7 ton of dry mill effluent per hectare of oil palm annually. 

The main by-products and wastes produced from the processing of palm oil are the empty fruit bunches (EFB), palm oil mill effluent (POME), palm fiber, and pahn kernel shell. EFB and POME have been used extensively as mutch and organic fertilizers in oil palm plantations while palm fiber and shell are used as fuel, making the palm oil mill self-sufficient in energy (Figure 23). Excess shell has been used for road surfacing in estates. 

Jawald, M., Khalil, H. P. S. A., Abu Bakar, A. (2010). Mechanical performance of oil palm empty fruit bunches/jute fibres reinforced epoxy hybrid composites, Mo ej c igL nict Jfater r2j ... 

Because of the ever-increasing demand of biodegradable products, different approaches have been made. One such method is the use of biomass as natural biopolymer for the production of biodegradable plastics. Khalid et al. [59] have reported a work done by using cellulose derived from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber (EFBF). The composites were prepared by blending cellulose and EFB fibers... 

J. Haran, K. Abdan, K. Zaman, Rheological behaviour of injection moulded oil palm empty fruit bunch fibre-pol5q)ropylene composites Effects of electron beam processing versus maleated polypropylene. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 484(1), 134—500 (2008)... 

M. Khalid, C.T. Ratnam, T.G. Chuah, S. Ali, S.Y. Thomas, Choong a comparative smdy of polypropylene composites reinforced with oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber and oil palm derived cellulose. Mater. Des. 29, 173-178 (2008)... 

Canola, oil palm, jatropha, rapeseed (presscake, shells, fmit bunch)... 

From the annual report [2], Malaysia produced about 21.63 million cubic meters of oil palm biomass, including trunks, fronds, and empty fruit bunches. This figure is expected to increase substantially when the total planted hectarage of oil palm in Malaysia will reach 5.10 million hectares in 2020. The total oil palm planted area in Malaysia has expanded from merely 1.7 million hectares in 1990 to 3.37 million hectares in 2002 and to 4.3 million hectares in 2006 [2]. The annual availability of OPS is estimated to be around 13.6 million logs based on 100000 hectares of replanting each year [3]. Under controlled processing conditions, this amount of OPS could be converted into approximately 4.5 million m of plywood each year. 

Palm oil is one of the most widely used plant oils in the worid. It is produced from oil palm tree which is grown in mass plantation in tropical countries such as Malaysia In Malaysia, a ton of its fiesh fniit bunches (FFB) yields 200 kg cmde palm oil and 40 kg palm kernels which, in turn, yield about 50 wt%, or 20 kg of palm kernel oil (PKO). A hectare of estate can yield 20-24 tons of FFB per year, which in turn yield 4 to 5 tons of palm oil and 400-500 kg of PKO (Tuan Noor Maznee et al. 2001). 

The fruit of the oil palm grows in bunches which weigh 4-20 kg and contain 200-2000 individual fruits varying in size and shape. Three main fruit have been characterized, dura, tenera and pisifera. These forms are distinguished both by size of the kernel and thickness of shell. Tenera is a hybrid of dura and pisifera. The variability of fatty acid composition within bunches has been determined (Rajanaid and Tan, 1983). 

A. Hassan, A.A. Salema, EN. Ani, and A.A. Bakar, A review on oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials. Polym. Compos. 31(12), 2079-2101 (2010). M. Zaini, M.A. Fuad, Z. Ismail, M.S. Mansor, J. Mustafah, The effect of filler content and size on the mechanical properties of polypropylene/oil palm wood flour composites. Polym. Int. 40(1), 51-55 (1996). 

H. Rozman, H. Ismail, R.M. Jaffri, A. AminuUah, and Z.A. Mohd Ishak, Mechanical properties of polyethylene-oil palm empty fruit bunch composites. Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng.37 4), 495-507 (1998). 

C. Hill, and H. Abdul, The effect of enviromnental exposure upon the mechanical properties of coir or oil palm fiber reinforced composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 77(6), 1322-1330 (2000). H. Rozman, M. Saad, and Z. Mohd Ishak, Flexural and impact properties of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB)-polypropylene composites—the effect of maleic anhydride chemical modification of EFB. Polym. Test. 22(3), 335-341 (2003). 

C.T. Ratnam, G. Raju, and W.M.Z.W. Yimus, Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fiber reinforced PVC/ENR blend-electron beam irradiation. Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. B... 

H.D. Rozman, G.S. Tay, R.N. Kumar, A. Abusamah, H. Ismail, and Z.A. Mohd, Polypropylene-oil palm empty fruit bunch-glass fibre hybrid composites a preliminary study on the flexural and tensile properties. Eur. Polym. J. 37,1283-1291 (2001). 

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