Polypropylene maleate

Li, S. Jarvela, P.K. Jarvela, P.A. (1997). A Comparison Between Apparent Viscosity and Dynamic Complex Viscosity for Polypropylene/Maleated Polypropylene Blends. Polymer Engineering and Science, Vol.37, No.l, pp. 18-23 ISSN 0032-3888... 

MAPP Maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (maleated polypropylene)... 

Kazayawoko M, Balatineoz J J and Woodhams R T 1997 Diffuse refleotanoe Fourier transform infrared speotra of wood fibers treated with maleated polypropylenes J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 66 1163-73... 

Specialty waxes include polar waxes for more polar adhesive systems. Examples would be castor wax (triglyceride of 12-hydroxy stearic acid) or Paracin wax N- 2 hydroxy ethyl)-12-hydroxy stearamide) which are used in polyester, polyamide, or with high VA EVA copolymer-based systems. Other common polar waxes are maleated polyethylenes, which are used to improve the specific adhesion of polyethylene-based adhesives, and low molecular weight ethylene copolymers with vinyl acetate or acrylic acid, which are used to improve low temperature adhesion. High melting point isotactic polypropylene wax (7 155°C) and highly refined paraffin wax (7,n 83°C) are used where maximum heat resistance is critical. Needless to say, these specialty waxes also command a premium price, ranging from 2 to 5 times that of conventional paraffin wax. 

Antony P., Bandyopadhyay S., and De S.K., Thermoplastic elastomers based on ionomeric polyblends of zinc salts of maleated polypropylene and maleated EPDM rubber, Polym. Eng. Sci., 39, 963, 1999. Weiss R.A., Sen A., Pottick L.A., and Willis C.L. Block copolymer ionomers. Thermoplastic elastomers possessing two distinct physical networks, Polym. Commun., 31, 220, 1990. 

So far there has been little use in the volume thermoplastics such as PVC and polyolefins. The main exception would seem to be the use of amino-silane treated glass in conjunction with maleated polypropylene in polypropylene compounds. 

ABA ABS ABS-PC ABS-PVC ACM ACS AES AMMA AN APET APP ASA BR BS CA CAB CAP CN CP CPE CPET CPP CPVC CR CTA DAM DAP DMT ECTFE EEA EMA EMAA EMAC EMPP EnBA EP EPM ESI EVA(C) EVOH FEP HDI HDPE HIPS HMDI IPI LDPE LLDPE MBS Acrylonitrile-butadiene-acrylate Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene-polycarbonate alloy Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene-poly(vinyl chloride) alloy Acrylic acid ester rubber Acrylonitrile-chlorinated pe-styrene Acrylonitrile-ethylene-propylene-styrene Acrylonitrile-methyl methacrylate Acrylonitrile Amorphous polyethylene terephthalate Atactic polypropylene Acrylic-styrene-acrylonitrile Butadiene rubber Butadiene styrene rubber Cellulose acetate Cellulose acetate-butyrate Cellulose acetate-propionate Cellulose nitrate Cellulose propionate Chlorinated polyethylene Crystalline polyethylene terephthalate Cast polypropylene Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride Chloroprene rubber Cellulose triacetate Diallyl maleate Diallyl phthalate Terephthalic acid, dimethyl ester Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer Ethylene-ethyl acrylate Ethylene-methyl acrylate Ethylene methacrylic acid Ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer Elastomer modified polypropylene Ethylene normal butyl acrylate Epoxy resin, also ethylene-propylene Ethylene-propylene rubber Ethylene-styrene copolymers Polyethylene-vinyl acetate Polyethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers Fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymers Hexamethylene diisocyanate High-density polyethylene High-impact polystyrene Diisocyanato dicyclohexylmethane Isophorone diisocyanate Low-density polyethylene Linear low-density polyethylene Methacrylate-butadiene-styrene... 

Figure 5.25 Scanning electron micrographs of fracture surfaces of polypropylene/wood fibres composites. Left with maleated PP right without MAPP...

Figure 19.3 Relative tensile strength of starch-filled polypropylenes showing the effect of maleation. (Data adapted from reference 47)...

Figure 7.18. Optical micrograph with crossed polars of bamboo fiber in maleated polypropylene. [Adapted, by permission, from Mi Y. Chen X, Guo Q, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 64, 1997, 1267-73.]...

Figure 7.18 shows how crystalline structure is affected by the presence of fiber. Here, bamboo fiber was used for polypropylene reinforcement. A nucleation occurs on the surfaces of fiber. Spherulites grow from the fiber surface. Such growth results in transcrystallinity. The maleation of polypropylene increases interaction because of reactivity with OH groups on the fiber surface. This organization contributes to the reinforcement. 

TABLE 5.4 Some properties of maleic anhydride and maleated polypropylenes (MAAP, Eastman Chemical Products)... 

TABLE 5.6 Some properties of maleated polypropylenes (products by Kometra and Clariant, Germany) [8]... 

An application of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to maleated polypropylene-treated wood liber has indicated that esterification reaction between hydroxyl groups of lignilied liber (unbleached thermomechanical pulp, TPM) and the coupling agent does not occur [5], The FTIR spectra did not indicate the presence of any distinct absorption bands near 1730 cm, which may be associated to other ester links besides those already present in wood fiber. However, tensile and flexural strength and impact resistance of the WPC in the presence of the maleated polypropylenes increased significantly (up to 280%) (Tables 5.9 and 5.10). 

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) of WPC material with maleated polyethylene and polypropylene showed no obvions differences with conpling agent addition ... 

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