Oil palm empty fruit bunch

The oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) raw material in this study was supplied by Sabutek (M) Sdn. Bhd., Teluk Intan, Malaysia, a local company specializing in the recycling of EFB. The black liquor of EFB was supplied by the School of Technological Industiy, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). This study was conducted... 

Keywords Black liquor, crystallization process, oil palm empty fruit bunches, soda lignin, vanillin... 

Jawald, M., Khalil, H. P. S. A., Abu Bakar, A. (2010). Mechanical performance of oil palm empty fruit bunches/jute fibres reinforced epoxy hybrid composites, Mo ej c igL nict Jfater r2j ... 

Because of the ever-increasing demand of biodegradable products, different approaches have been made. One such method is the use of biomass as natural biopolymer for the production of biodegradable plastics. Khalid et al. [59] have reported a work done by using cellulose derived from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber (EFBF). The composites were prepared by blending cellulose and EFB fibers... 

J. Haran, K. Abdan, K. Zaman, Rheological behaviour of injection moulded oil palm empty fruit bunch fibre-pol5q)ropylene composites Effects of electron beam processing versus maleated polypropylene. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 484(1), 134—500 (2008)... 

M. Khalid, C.T. Ratnam, T.G. Chuah, S. Ali, S.Y. Thomas, Choong a comparative smdy of polypropylene composites reinforced with oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber and oil palm derived cellulose. Mater. Des. 29, 173-178 (2008)... 

A. Hassan, A.A. Salema, EN. Ani, and A.A. Bakar, A review on oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials. Polym. Compos. 31(12), 2079-2101 (2010). M. Zaini, M.A. Fuad, Z. Ismail, M.S. Mansor, J. Mustafah, The effect of filler content and size on the mechanical properties of polypropylene/oil palm wood flour composites. Polym. Int. 40(1), 51-55 (1996). 

H. Rozman, H. Ismail, R.M. Jaffri, A. AminuUah, and Z.A. Mohd Ishak, Mechanical properties of polyethylene-oil palm empty fruit bunch composites. Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng.37 4), 495-507 (1998). 

C. Hill, and H. Abdul, The effect of enviromnental exposure upon the mechanical properties of coir or oil palm fiber reinforced composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 77(6), 1322-1330 (2000). H. Rozman, M. Saad, and Z. Mohd Ishak, Flexural and impact properties of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB)-polypropylene composites—the effect of maleic anhydride chemical modification of EFB. Polym. Test. 22(3), 335-341 (2003). 

C.T. Ratnam, G. Raju, and W.M.Z.W. Yimus, Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fiber reinforced PVC/ENR blend-electron beam irradiation. Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. B... 

H.D. Rozman, G.S. Tay, R.N. Kumar, A. Abusamah, H. Ismail, and Z.A. Mohd, Polypropylene-oil palm empty fruit bunch-glass fibre hybrid composites a preliminary study on the flexural and tensile properties. Eur. Polym. J. 37,1283-1291 (2001). 

In this chapter, the developments on characterization of oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber and its utilization in biocomposites are compiled. Various methods to improve the compatability of the fiber and polymeric matrix and its effect on the properties of fibers and resulting composites are also discussed. For the purpose of convenience, the term oil palm fiber in the subsequent sections refers to oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber. 

H.D. Rozman, C.Y. Lai, H. Ismail, and Z.A.M. Ishak, The effect of coupling agents on the mechanical and physical properties of oil palm empty fruit bunch-polypropylene composites. Polym. Int. 49, 1273-1278 (2000). 

B. Wirjosentono, P. Guritno, and H. Ismail, Oil palm empty fruit bunch filled polypropylene composites. Int. J. Polym. Mater. 53, 295-306 (2004). 

M. Karina, H. Onggo, A.H.D. Abdullah, and A. Syampurwadi, Effect of oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber on the physical and mechanical properties of fiber glass reinforced polyester resin. J. Biol. Sci. 8,100-106 (2008). 

K.N. Law, and X. Jiang, Comparative papermaking properties of oil-palm empty fruit bunch. Tappi 7. 84, 1-13(2001). 

G. Raju, C.T. Ratnam, N.A. Ibrahim, M.Z.A. Rahman, and W.M.Z.W. Yunus, Enhancement of PVC/ENR blend properties by poly(methyl acrylate) grafted oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber. 7 Appl. Poly. Sci. 110, 368-375 (2008). 

H.D. Rozman, G.S. Tay, and A. Abusamah, The effect of glycol type, glycol mixture, and isocyanate/glycol ratio on flexural properties of oil palm empty fruit bunch-polyurethane composites. /. Wood Chem. Technol. 23, 249-260 (2003). 

H.D. Rozman, K.R.A. Hilme, and A. Abubakar, Polyurethane composites based on oil palm empty fruit bunches Effect of isocyanate/hydroxyl ratio and chemical modification of empty fruit bunches with toluene diisocyanate and hexamethylene diisocyanate on mechanical properties. /. Appl. Polym. Sci. 106, 2290-2297 (2007). 

A. AbuBakar, A. Hassan, and A.EM. Yusof, Effect of oil palm empty fruit bunch and acrylic impact modifier on mechanical properties and processability of unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) composites. Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng. 44,1125-1137 (2005). 

H.P.S.A. Khalil, M.N. Azura, A.M. Issam, M.R., Said, and T.O.M. Adawi, Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) reinforced in new unsaturated polyester composites. /. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 27,1817-1826 (2008). 

Only the oil palm industry in Malaysia produces more than a million tones of empty fruit bunches annually as a by-product [48]. Oil palm fiber is anticipated to be a promising raw material due to its toughness [49]. Hasibuan and Daud [48] investigated the effect of super heated steam drying on the surface morphology, color and tensile properties of oil palm empty fruit bunch fibers. John et al. [49] developed oil palm... 

R. Hasibuan, W.R.W. Daud, Quahty changes of superheated steam-dried fibers from oil palm empty fruit bunches. Drying Technol. 27, 194-200 (2009). 

A. Abu Bakar, A. Hassan and A.H.M. Yusof, Effect of accelerated weathering on the mechanical properties of oil palm empty fruit bunch filled UP VC composites. Iran. Polym. J. 14, 627-635 (2005). 

Yusoff MZM, Salit MS, Ismail N. Tensile properties of single oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fibre. Sains Malays 2009 38 525-529. 

Haafiz et al. (2014) showed an isolation method of C-NW from MCC and a detailed characterization of the new filler. MCC was produced from oil palm empty fruit bunch chlorine free pulps. It was swelled and partly separated to whiskers by chemical and ultrasonication treatments using the same method as described by Pereda et al. (2011) based on original procedures described by Oksman et al. (2006). 

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