Super-heated steam

Phthalaldehyde [643-79-8] M 134.1, m 54-56°, 55.5-56°, 58°, b 83-84°/0.8mm. Purified by steam distillation better by using super heated steam (at 175-180°) and efficient cooling. The distillate is saturated with Na2S04 extracted exhaustively with EtOAc, dried (Na2S04), filtered and evaporated. The residue... 

The textile fibers have a limited range of application. They may be used with hot or cold water, steam, oils and ammonia up to a maximum temperature of 100°C (212°F). Asbestos fiber is more versatile, can be used as compression packing material with hot water, super-heated steam, hot oils and gases up to 310°C (590°F). 

Ramsey and Dunnill (9) reported the formation of highly branched structures in nylon 6,6 by reacting under anhydrous conditions. According to them this could be prevented by reacting under a blanket of super-heated steam. 

As carrier gases dry nitrogen and super-heated steam, both at a pressure of 1 bar, were used. The gas velocity was 4,0 cm. sec for both gases. The samples were flushed from the sample-holder into the pre-heated reactor and reached temperature within a minute. The reactions were stopped by removing the reactor from the oven. 

The SPP in a fluidized bed reactor with super heated steam as carrier gas gave somewhat lower molecular weight products but the samples showed hardly any UV absorption. Steam in the carrier gas reduces the overall polymerization rates, but suppresses the reactions which lead to coloured products (25). 

To make cut pile carpets, two strands of BCF yarns are twisted together and heat-set with steam using a Superba heat setting machine at 135-145 °C or at 175-195 °C when heat-set with super-heated steam in a Suessen. An experimental design experiment [94] showed the higher the heat set temperature, then the lower is the bulk of the final carpet, but there is an increase in the tip definition and walk performance. The tufted carpets are then dyed with disperse dyes at atmospheric boil [95] in a continuous or a batch process. PTT carpets showed excellent resiliency in walk test experiments, equivalent to a nylon and much better than both PET and polypropylene, had lower static charge of <3.5 kV, and were resistant to coffee, mustard, betadine, red acid dyes and other stains [96],... 

Bunsen burners. These are of very limited use, as most reactions require flammable substances. Their purpose is mainly for gkss work, generating and super heating steam (see work bench diagram for safe usage). 

Fluorine (or fluorides) has a suggested international limit of 5 mg/liter. Fluoride pickup occurs only in the rare case where concrete tanks may have been treated with fluosilicate. With the disappearance of concrete tanks and prohibition of fluosilicate which may contaminate food, this determination should be superfluous. It is done on an ashed sample distillation of fluosilicic acid with super-heated steam and titration with thorium nitrate in the presence of sodium alizarinsulfonate. 

Cans can be sterilised easily with super-heated steam or hot air as they are stable above sterilising temperatures. 

Nickel Carbide, NijC solid, stable up to 380-400° decompd by dll acids or by super-heated steam to methane other products. Was prepd by interaction of Ni pdr with CO at 200-300°... 

Mixing process 2 In a steady mixing process, 11.949kg/s of super heated steam (stream 1) at 773.15 K and 6000.0 kPa is mixed with 60.60 kg/s of saturated steam (stream 2) at 2319.8 kPa. Assume that the mixing processes are adiabatic. 

Combining the mass and energy balances, we estimate the flow rate of the super heated steam... 

Heating-cooling Butadiene mix. (Super-heating) steam H 25-35 12 400-100 0.04... 

On steam injection stenters the heating medium is a mixture of super-heated steam and air. The superheated steam required for the purpose can be generated inside the chamber by injection of saturated steam. In this mixture total heat capac-... 

Steam gasification Organic materials are treated with super-heated steam under reducing conditions to produce simple organic molecules. Also known as reformation. 

Although no details are available, an impinging stream dryer for sludges using super-heated steam as the drying medium has been operated at pilot scale successfully in Russia. Mujumdar has presented additional information on these special types of dryers [1] (see chapter on impinging stream drying in this handbook). 

It has been shown that, above a certain temperature, that is, inversion temperature, the evaporation rate in a super-heated-steam dryer exceeds that in an adiabatic air dryer [59,60]. The theory indicates that the inversion temperature can vary from 160°C to 300°C. 

Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) at Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam is 40 MWt/I3.2 MWe sodium cooled, loop type plutonium rich mixed carbide fuelled reactor. It has two primary and secondary loops and a common steam water circuit with once through steam generator (SG), which supplies super heated steam to the condensing turbine. 

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