Coconut Husk

Lignin was chemically modified prior to resinification, and the effect of phenolation was examined on the gluability of the resol resin adhesives (23). The phenolation was performed either with HC1 (80°C, 60 min) or without catalyst (200°C, 60 min). Prior to adhesive testing with three-ply plywood, 5 parts of coconut husk powder were mixed with 100 parts of the resin. 

J. H. Tay, X.G. Chen, S. Jeyaseelan, N. Graham, Optimising the preparation of activated carbon from digested sewage sludge and coconut husk , Chemosphere 44(2001)45-51... 

Coconut Husk The husk represents 35% of the intact, mature coconut by weight. A number of products are derived from this by-product of oil production. Particles of husks may be consolidated with little or no adhesive (64). Pith is... 

Coir. Coir is a valuable and versatile fiber derived from the coconut husk. The best quality coir is produced from green coconut, which is more difficult to harvest and has a lower copra yield than more mature coconut. The amount of copra and the quantity of coir produced are inversely related (61). Husks must be retted to manufacture coir. This process involves holding the husks under water, away from air, with mud and leaves for a period of a few months to a year. Fermentation is accomplished by short rod bacteria such as Pseudomonas, Rerobacter, and Bacillus. The microbial process is a polyphenolic degradation in which the pectic substances are decomposed. Slow moving and slightly saline water in a natural source speeds the process and produces a better quality fiber (66). 

Green coconut fiber was obtained from green coconut husk through a process developed by Embrapa Agroindustria Tropical [28]. It was cut and sieved to obtain particles between 32 and 35 mesh. It was then washed with distilled water and dried at 60 °C before being used as immobilization matrix. 

Seed/Fruit—cotton, kapok, and coir (from coconut husks)... 

Rosa, M., Medeiros, E., Malmonge, J., Gregorski, K., Wood, D., and Mattoso, L. (2010). Cellulose nanowhiskers from coconut husk fibers Effect of preparation conditions on their thermal and morphological behavior, Qarboh Qf f]x., 81,83-92. 

Calgon PPC consists of pyrolyzed, activated coconut husks ground to a specific size (i.e., 90% to 96% <45 xm). Ambersorb 1500 (estimated particle size... 

In the previous work, the coir fibres which is obtained from the coconut husks, they may be classified according to the peeled off time from the husks are used as reinforced filler in NR compound.The properties of brown cofibre show highly resistance to abrasion. Usually, they are primarily used in brushes, floor mats and upholstery padding. In case of white cofibre, it is made from the husks of coconuts shortly before they ripen. The white fibre is softer and less strong... 

As mentioned earlier, furyl alcohol can serve as both dispersants and matrices for polar nanoscale particles, cellulose whiskers were used to obtain PFA nanocomposites without the use of solvents or surfactants (Pranger and Tannenbaum 2008). Nowadays, the various sources (e.g., coconut husk and pea hull fibers) of cellulose whiskers are being explored (Chen et al. 2009 Rosa et al. 2010). 

Chapters 2-10 discuss in detail the different properties of natural lignocellulosic fibers, their processing and fabrication of polymer composites. Chapter 11 summarizes the structure, chemistry and properties of different agro-residual fibers such as wheat straw corn stalk, cob and husks okra stem banana stem, leaf, bxmch reed stalk nettle pineapple leaf sugarcane oil palm bunch and coconut husk along with their processing. 

Coconut husk Mechanical extraction Bleaching Chemical, tensile properties 53... 

Coconut husk Water retting mechanical separation Bleaching, acidation HNO3 Chemical, tensile properties 52... 

Coconut husk Water retting Chemical treatment, grafting NaClOj, NaOH, acrylamide Tensile properties, thermal stability 54... 

G.M.A. Khan and M.S. Alam, Thermal characterization of chemically treated coconut husk fibre. Indian J. Fibre Text. Res. 37, 20-26, (2012). 

Moore studied the removal of Cu(II) ions from synthetic sea water by adsorption on different activated carbons and observed that the adsorption was strongly influenced by pH and the nature of the carbon. The adsorption of Cu(II) ions increased with increase in the ionic concentration of the solution on addition of NaCl. This increase in adsorption was attributed to the formation and adsorption of negatively charged Cu(ll) chloride complexes. The effect of parameters such as contact time, pH and the concentration of the solution in the range 10 to 1000 ppm on the adsorption of Cu(ll) ions has also been reported. Low et al. found that the dye modification of coconut husk enhanced its ability to absorb Cu. 

Coir Coconut husk Seed-hair fibers Cocos nuHfera Africa, Brazil Tropics, India, Mexico... 

The images of vessels in Table 4.6 are those holding the same volume of adsorbent. Where necessary to achieve the design goal of 150 ft/min vapor velocity, additional outside air is added. The activated carbon used for all cases is the same — derived from coconut husks and with an internal pore diameter of 1.34 nm (Appendix A2). All of the vessels proposed for use in Table 4.7 must be fabricated from a sheet of carbon steel which has been rolled and seam-welded. Available pipe sizes are too small for use. 

The specification of activated carbon are different than being derived from coconut husks and having an internal pore diameter of 1.34 nm. Or if other operating conditions are assumed, such as ... 

Figure 4.6 is courtesy of the Electron Microscopy Society of Malaysia (EMSM), photo by Jefri Samin, http //ibs.upm.edu.my/ aini/micrograph.htm.Theimage was magn if ied 10OOX and is of activated carbon from coconut husk fiber. 

In the US, most activated carbon used is produced from coal and coconut husks. There are three large manufacturers who use coal as a feedstock, and one which uses wood. All GAC pellets are produced in India, Sri Lanka, and the Philippines. 

FIGURE 5.21 Scheme of synthesis route to obtain coconut husks functionalized with the thiophosphoryl (P=S) group by direct reaction with Cl3P=S, (CH30)2C1P=S, and (CH3CH20)2C1F =S. Adapted from Ref. [108] with the permission from Elsevier limited. 

Coconut Cocos nucifera) husks Cl3P=S functionalized coconut husks 5.00 529.46 [108]... 

The coir fiber (diameter = 200-240 pm density = 1.2-1.4 g/cm and micro-fibrillar angle = 30°-39°) was obtained from Central Coir Research Institute, Coir Board, Kerala, India. The coconut husk was cut down into small pieces of approximately 10 mm long before making composites. ENR was prepared in the laboratory. Phenol and formaldehyde (37 % w/w) were obtained from E. Merck, India, and used as received. Reagent grade of acetone and toluene were obtained from E. Merck, India. Epichlorohydrin and sodium hydroxide were procured from S.D. Fine Chemicals,... 

In 1951, a process to degrade cellulosic fibers with H SO was introduced by Ranby for the first time [111]. Since then a series of attempts have been taken to prepare CNC from various cellulosic fibers such as curaua fibers [117], coconut husk [118], cotton and tunicates [119], sugarcane bagasse [120], and wood [ 121 ]. In the acid hydrolysis process a suspension with specific acid concentration for a particular time and temperature based on various sources of fibers is mechanically stirred. Then the reaction is quenched with cold water. Subsequently, the washing process is conducted... 

Mnju, G.N., Raji, C. Aniradhan,T.S. (1998) Evaluation of coconut husk carbon for the removal of arsenic from water. Water Research, 32, 3062-3070. 

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