Cmde palm oil

The chemical structure of some typical carotenoids is shown in Fig. 8.2. Beta-carotene occurs in nature usually associated with a number of chemically closely related pigments and extracts have been used as food colorants for many years. For example, palm oil has a high concentration of carotenoid pigments, primarily beta-carotene and about 20 others. Cmde palm oil has been used extensively as a cooking oil because of its desirable flavor and as a general... 

Cmde palm oil contains between 500 and 700 ppm of carotenoids mainly in the forms of a-and (3-carotenes, the precursor of vitamin A. Unless extracted prior to... 

Cmde palm oil contains tocopherols and tocotrienols in the range of 600-1000 ppm. Refined palm oil retains about 50% of these products. Tocopherols and tocotrienols are antioxidants and provide some natural oxidative protection to the oil. Table 8 shows the types of tocopherols and tocotrienols present in palm oil. 

Energy Potential from Oil Palm By-products. Apart from cmde palm oil and pahn kernel, a palm oil mill also produces a large quantity of biomass as byproducts. In general, an EFB contains about 20% palm oil, 6-7% palm kernel,... 

Sterilization optimize conditions, avoid overheating, do not mix boiler condensate with cmde palm oil... 

Processing of Crude Palm Oil. The ultimate aim of the processing of cmde palm oil is to obtain various products such as RBD palm oil, RBD palm olein, or RBD palm stearin that meet the requirement of the end users. An effective and efficient quality assurance program in a processing plant is essential and should consist of the following monitoring activities ... 

Palm oil is one of the most widely used plant oils in the worid. It is produced from oil palm tree which is grown in mass plantation in tropical countries such as Malaysia In Malaysia, a ton of its fiesh fniit bunches (FFB) yields 200 kg cmde palm oil and 40 kg palm kernels which, in turn, yield about 50 wt%, or 20 kg of palm kernel oil (PKO). A hectare of estate can yield 20-24 tons of FFB per year, which in turn yield 4 to 5 tons of palm oil and 400-500 kg of PKO (Tuan Noor Maznee et al. 2001). 

In this chapter, the utilization of biofuels in conventional diesel engines is considered. The use of cmde jatropha oil (CJO), degummed jatropha oil (DJO), pure plant oils (PRO), and biodiesels produced from cmde palm oil, jatropha curcas, coconut oil, kapok nut oil, and cat-fish fat in neat form (100% biodiesel) together with various blends of biodiesel with conventional diesel are described. In addition, the use of mixed biodiesel derived from different raw materials is also considered as a possible solution for improving the quality of biodiesels. 

The composition of common fats and oils are found in Table 1. The most predominant feedstocks for the manufacture of fatty acids are tallow and grease, coconut oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, and cottonseed oil. Another large source of fatty acids comes from the distillation of cmde tall oil obtained as a by-product from the Kraft pulping process (see Tall oil Carboxylic acids, fatty acids from tall oil). 

Cmde oils generally contain phospholipids that are removed during the degum-ming stage of refining as a crude mixture (lecithin). This valuable product is the basis of the phospholipid industry, and phospholipids are used extensively in food products, in animal feeds, and in industrial processes. The major members are phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, and phosphatidylinositols and are accompanied by smaller proportions of other phospholipids. Soybean oil (3.2%), rapeseed oil (2.5%), and sunflower seed oil (1.5%) contain the proportions of total phospholipids indicated in parentheses and are the main sources of commercial lecithins, especially soya lecithin. Palm oil contains little or no phospholipids (7-9). 

Refining of Other Palm Products. Beside crude palm oil, crude palm olein, crude palm stearin, cmde kernel oil, crude palm kernel olein, and crude palm kernel stearin can also be refined by either chemical or physical processes described before. The basic unit operations and processing conditions for crude palm olein and stearin are similar to those of palm oil. However, in refining palm kernel products, due to the virtual absence of carotenoids, the earth dosage required in the bleaching stage is lower, usually less than 1.0%. Furthermore, due to the presence of shorter chain (C8-C14) fatty acids, the deodorization temperature required is about 230-250°C. Typical achievable quality of RBD/NBD palm kernel oil is given in Table 34. 

Carotenoids and chlorophylls are the major lipochromes of vegetable oils. Cmde regular sunflower oil is not particularly rich in carotenoids (as palm oil is) or in chlorophylls (like rice bran, rapeseed, olive, and avocado oils). This gives cmde regular sunflower oil its light-amber color, turning to pale yellow upon the bleaching operation. 

The cmde palm fmit oil, a mixture of oil, water, and solid impurities, is clarified in a continuous decanter, or in setthng tanks, to remove the water and impurities. The cake from the screw-press consists of moist pulp solids, kernels (or seeds), and the outer skin of the fmit. The cake is sent to a pneumatic vertical column separator to separate the kernels from the fiber and cellular debris. The kernels are then conditioned by lowering their moisture level from about 16% to 10-12%. This causes the meats to shrink and pull loose from the shell. The kernels are then cracked and the meats are separated from the shells in one of two ways ... 

The principal raw materials from which the natural fatty acids are derived are tallow, cmde tall oil, coconut, palm kernel, and soybean oils. 

Other things being equal, rank the following materials in order of their desirability as raw-materials sources for detergent manufacture coconut, soybean, cotton, palm nuts, beef fat, coal, cmde oil, ohves, and natural gas. Explain briefly... 

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