Intravenous catheter

Introduce an intravenous catheter and apply volume (crystalloid solutions like saline or Ringer s)... 

Disruption of host defenses owing to intravenous catheters, indwelling Foley catheters, burns, trauma, surgery, and increased gastric pH (secondary to antacids, H2 blockers, and proton pump inhibitors) may place patients at higher risk for infection. Breaks in and entry into the skin provide a route for infection because the natural barrier of the skin is disrupted. Increased gastric pH can allow for bacterial overgrowth and has been associated with an increased risk of pneumonia.18... 

Excellent and rapid anesthetization of an extremity can be obtained easily. Following insertion of an intravenous catheter in the limb of interest, a rubber bandage is used to force blood out of the limb, and a tourniquet is applied to prevent the blood from reentering a dilute solution of local anesthetic, most commonly lido-caine, is then injected intravenously. This technique fills the limb s vasculature and carries the anesthetic solution to the nerve by means of the blood supply. Because of the pain produced by a tourniquet after some time, this procedure usually is limited to less than 1 hour. The systemic blood levels of drug achieved after tourniquet release generally remain below toxic levels. 

Hallucinogenic drugs like LSD are not reinforcing In animals, In that they will not self-admlnister these drugs. SNA, however, Is self-administered In large quantities by monkeys equipped with intravenous catheters when access is unlimited. Tolerance of the acute... 

Topical administration in the form of drop and ointment have been used for the treatment of infected burns, wounds and the prevention of intravenous catheter infections and in the treatment of ocular infections. 

Besides local toxicity, discussed above, there are numerous other modes of potential adverse interactions involving excipients (19,20). Many of these pose little threat provided the amounts of excipients are constrained to certain levels. Excessive amounts, however, can cause problems, particularly for patients who are intolerant of even modest levels. Commonly used phosphate buffers may cause calcium loss with formation of insoluble calcium phosphates when such buffers are administered in over-ambitious amounts (21). Calcium phosphate precipitation has been noted particularly in nutritional parenteral admixtures for neonates because of the high nutrient requirements. Similarly, renal toxicity has been associated with depletion of zinc and other trace metals caused by large parenteral doses of ethylenediaminete-traacetic acid (EDTA) (22). Excessive absorption of glycine solutions, when used as irrigants during transurethral resections, can cause hyponatremia, hypertension, and confusion (23). The use of preservatives has been associated with cardiac effects in a few patients (24). Premature neonates were found to be at risk for receiving toxic amounts of benzoic acid or benzyl alcohol in bacteriostatic solutions used to flush intravenous catheters (25). 

Administration of local anesthetics via iontophoresis can also be used to produce topical anesthesia prior to certain dermatologic procedures. For example, lidocaine iontophoresis can adequately anesthetize a small patch of skin for performing a minor surgical procedure (placement of an intravenous catheter, laser treatment of port-wine stains, and so forth).18,50,66 Ion-tophoretic application of local anesthetics offers... 

Urokinase is intended for intravenous use only and indicated for the treatment of pulmonary embolism, coronary artery thrombosis, and intravenous catheter clearance. Typical dosages in peripheral arterial disease consist of an infusion at a rate ranging from 60,000 lU/hr to 240,000 lU/hr infused directly into the thrombus. 

Insert an intravenous catheter in the ear (rabbit) or tail vein (mice, rats). 

Mrs KT s height is 174 cm and weight is 53 kg (body surface area = 1.63 m2). She refuses to have a central line placed so will be receiving her chemotherapy through a peripheral intravenous catheter. 

Cordoni, A., and Cordoni, L. E. (2001), Eutectic mixture of local anesthetics reduces pain during intravenous catheter insertion in the pediatric patient, Clin. J. Pain, 17, 115-118. 

Remove barriers to cure, e.g. lack of free drainage of abscesses, obstruction in the urinary or respiratory tracts, infected intravenous catheters. 

Staphylococcal septicaemia may be suspected where there is an abscess, e.g. of bone or lung, or with acute infective endocarditis or infection of intravenous catheters high dose flucloxacillin is indicated (vancomycin). 

Impregnated intravenous catheters Chlorhexidine-coated catheters have been developed in the hope of reducing the incidence of central venous line sepsis. Package inserts warn that these should not be used in individuals who are thought to be sensitive to chlorhexidine. 

Intravenous deferoxamine can be indicated in gross iron overload, serious cardiomyopathy, or intolerance of or non-adherence to subcutaneous administration. The results of continuous 24-hour deferoxamine infusion via indwelling intravenous catheters in 17 patients (25 intravenous lines) have been presented (154). The doses of deferoxamine were calculated with reference to the serum ferritin concentration, with a view to maintaining the therapeutic index (mean daily dose in mg/kg divided by the serum ferritin concentration in ng/ml) below... 

Davis BA, Porter JB. Long-term outcome of continuous 24-hour deferoxamine infusion via indwelling intravenous catheters in high-risk beta-thalassemia. Blood 2000 95(4) 1229-36. 

With double-lumen intravenous catheters for acute hemodialysis, hemperfusion, and plasma exchange, the most common complications are bleeding, hematomas, catheter failure, risk of infection, central vein thrombosis and stenoses, and rarely, air embohsm. Femoral placement is the site associated with the fewest non-in-fectious comphcations [16]. Comphcations of treatment will be discussed below. 

Maki D G, Weise C E, Sarafin H W 1977 A semiquantitative culture method for identifying intravenous-catheter-related infection. New England Journal of Medicine 296 1305-1309... 

Mitomycin at 10 to 20 mg/m is given us a single do.se by intravenous catheter. No repeat do.se should be given until the leukocyte and platelet counts have recovered ( 8 weeks). 

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