Bacterial conjunctivitis

The four types of conjunctivitis are viral conjunctivitis, bacterial conjunctivitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and giant papillary conjunctivitis. 

Bacterial conjunctivitis. Bacterial conjunctivitis affects both eyes causing a heavy greenish discharge. 

Conjunctivitis is inflammation of the thin, clear membrane that covers the white part of the eye and the eyelids. There are four types of conjunctivitis viral conjunctivitis, bacterial conjunctivitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and giant papillary conjunctivitis. A comeal abrasion is a cut or scratch on the cornea caused by debris, fingernails, contact lenses, or mbbing the eye. Most corneal abrasions heal with the proper treatment. 

Mr. Caravel, age 38 years, is prescribed tobramycin ophthalmic (Tobrex) for bacterial conjunctivitis. Discuss preadministration assessments the nurse would perform before instilling the drug. 

Both acute and chronic bacterial conjunctivitis are self-limiting, except if caused by staphylococci. 

The vast majority of conjunctivitis cases are viral in nature. For acute bacterial conjunctivitis, the cause is primarily grampositive organisms.11 The primary pathogens in acute bacterial conjunctivitis are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, or Haemophilus influenzae.12... 

Staphylococcus, Moraxella, or other opportunistic bacteria typically cause chronic conjunctivitis.10 Moraxella infections may cluster in groups of women who share makeup.12 Both acute and chronic bacterial conjunctivitis are self-limiting except if caused by staphylococci.13 Because of this, the pathogens are rarely cultured unless the case is unresponsive to treatment. While infection typically begins in one eye, it will often spread to both within 48 hours.11... 

Hyperacute bacterial conjunctivitis is associated with gonococcal infections in sexually active patients. The causative agents are Neisseria gonorrhoeae or N. meningitidis. Prompt work-up and treatment is required, as corneal perforation occurs in 10% of cases within 48 hours.12 An ophthalmologist should complete a conjunctival scraping and susceptibility testing.10... 

Treat acute bacterial conjunctivitis with broad-spectrum antibiotics. Although the condition is usually self-limiting, antibiotic treatment decreases the spread of disease to other people and prevents extraocular infection. Additionally, treatment may help decrease the risk of corneal ulceration or other complications that affect sight. Finally, treatment speeds recovery.14... 

The choice of an antibiotic agent for acute bacterial conjunctivitis is largely empiric. The initial treatment needs to include Staphylococcus coverage, but also may be chosen on the basis of cost and side-effect profile.13,14 In general, ointments are a good dosage form for children. Adults prefer drops because they do not interfere with vision.14... 

Many broad-spectrum topical antibiotics are approved to treat acute bacterial conjunctivitis (Table 60-2). Trimethoprim /polymyxin... 

Treat hyperacute bacterial conjunctivitis with a single dose of 1 g of intramuscular ceftriaxone in combination with topical antibiotics.11... 

Patients with chronic bacterial conjunctivitis often have a concurrent case of blepharitis. Add a lid hygiene regimen to topical antibiotic treatment.12... 

Significant improvement of acute bacterial conjunctivitis should be seen within 1 week.11 Terminate treatment with topical antibiotics when the inflammation is resolved.12... 

TABLE 60-2. Bacterial Conjunctivitis Dosing Guidelines for Topical Ophthalmic Antibiotics32... 

Topical antivirals are not used to treat adenovirus conjunctivitis. Topical antibiotics are often prescribed for viral conjunctivitis, ostensibly to prevent bacterial superinfection. In reality, this is a case of the patient insisting on a medication to speed healing.11 Avoid the use of antibiotics for a viral infection.12 Eliminating superfluous antibiotic use also helps prevent the development of antibiotic resistance. 

Conjunctivitis, or pink eye, is an inflammation of the conjunctiva and probably the most widespread form of ailment in this tissue. If left untreated, it can have serious consequences on vision and overall health. There are many forms of conjunctivitis, and symptoms can range from itchy, burning, or teary eyes (allergic conjunctivitis) to more severe cases of bacterial and viral conjunctivitis (commonly known as pink eye ). Each type requires... 

Cl in conjunction with a direct exposure probe is known as desorption chemical ionization (DCI). [30,89,90] In DCI, the analyte is applied from solution or suspension to the outside of a thin resistively heated wire loop or coil. Then, the analyte is directly exposed to the reagent gas plasma while being rapidly heated at rates of several hundred °C s and to temperatures up to about 1500 °C (Chap. 5.3.2 and Fig. 5.16). The actual shape of the wire, the method how exactly the sample is applied to it, and the heating rate are of importance for the analytical result. [91,92] The rapid heating of the sample plays an important role in promoting molecular species rather than pyrolysis products. [93] A laser can be used to effect extremely fast evaporation from the probe prior to CL [94] In case of nonavailability of a dedicated DCI probe, a field emitter on a field desorption probe (Chap. 8) might serve as a replacement. [30,95] Different from desorption electron ionization (DEI), DCI plays an important role. [92] DCI can be employed to detect arsenic compounds present in the marine and terrestrial environment [96], to determine the sequence distribution of P-hydroxyalkanoate units in bacterial copolyesters [97], to identify additives in polymer extracts [98] and more. [99] Provided appropriate experimental setup, high resolution and accurate mass measurements can also be achieved in DCI mode. [100]... 

Conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva. Conjunctivitis may be bacterial, in which case it is accompanied by a purulent discharge, viral or allergic in origin. Generally symptoms include erythema and itchiness. 

Conjunctivitis may be caused by viral infections, bacterial infections or infections caused by Chlamydia. Conjunctivitis caused by bacterial infections tends to be accompanied by a coloured discharge. 

The bacterial mutant is mainly sensitive to metals and should therefore be used in conjunction with another bacterial test. This microbiotest is commercially available and is designed specifically for testing soils, sediments, and sludges. Semiquantitative results are obtained after three hours [40]. 

Aerosol Adverse reactions may include anemia and hemolytic anemia apnea atelectasis bacterial pneumonia bigeminy bradycardia bronchospasm cardiac arrest conjunctivitis cyanosis digitalis toxicity dyspnea hypotension hypoventilation pneumothorax pulmonary edema rash reticulocytosis tachycardia ventilator dependence worsening of respiratory status. 

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