Three-Dimensional Displays

Three-dimensional (3-D) display is an ultimate display technology. From the theaters to TVs at home, to naked eye mobile devices, 3-D displays [1-3] have been gaining popularity in our daily lives. In this chapter, we will outline the basic operation principles for generating depth perception, in order to reahze 3-D displays. Several types of 3-D display devices stereoscopic displays, autostereoscopic displays, integral imaging, holography, and volumetric displays are discussed. 

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Mizumura S, Nakagawara J, Takahashi M, Kumita S, Cho K, Nakajo H, Toba M, KumazaM T. Three-dimensional display in staging hemodynamic brain ischemia for jet study objective evaluation using see analysis and 3d-ssp display. Ann Nucl Med 2004 18 13-21. 

Possible future applications of up-converting phosphors include (i) three-dimensional displays 249-251 (ii) fiber optic amplifiers (referred to above) that operate at 1.55, 1.46, and 1.31 pm,, 2 1-255 (iii) up-conversion lasers 250 and (iv) remote sensing thermometers for high-temperature applications (utilizing the temperature dependence of optical properties of, for example, cubic Y203 Er3+).256-258... 

Figure 3.5 Three-dimensional display of the photodiode array absorbance data obtained by HPLC/PDA/MS for a M. truncatula extract. The first dimension is HPLC retention time, second is wavelength, and third is absorbance. The data can be rapidly previewed for specific absorbance regions characteristic of functional groups.

FIGURE 6.4 A three- dimensional display showing how ionization energies increase from left to right across a row and decrease from top to bottom down a group of the periodic table. The elements at the lower left therefore have the smallest E values, and the elements at the upper right have the largest. 

Due to size confinement on electronic interactions and density of phonon states, nano-structured materials exhibit distinct optical, magnetic and thermal properties in comparison with their bulk counterparts. Currently, there is growing interest for understanding how the confinement and other nanoscale mechanisms of electronic interactions in nanophosphors affect luminescence efficiency and photodynamics for such applications as three-dimensional displays, high-performance fight emitting devices, and highly sensitive bioassays. 

There have been many studies that contrast the accuracy of various atomic charge and distributed multipole models. These studies include the extensive tests provided when various distributed multipole methods were first proposed. For example, there are published contour plots of the potential around a water molecule, the amino acid histidine, and variations in the electrostatic energies of nucleic acid bases,which confirm the significance of the atomic anisotropy shown in the color three-dimensional displays of the electrostatic field around uracil and pyrimidine. It is clear that the difference... 

The unit cells can be packed into a three-dimensional display of the crystal lattice. The orientation of the molecules is responsible for various properties of the crystalline substance. For example, hydrogen bonding networks may provide high stability, and spaces in the structure may allow easy access of small molecules to provide hydrated or solvated forms. 

Fig. 4. Three-dimensional display of time (picoseconds) wavelength (nonometers), and absorbance change after excitation with a single S30 nm picosecond pulse. The wavelength range monitored is from 550 to 570 nm. The time, in 10-ps segments, covers 100 ps, and the absorbance changes are positive (upward) for absorbance and negative (downward) for bleaching. (From Ref. 3.)...

With modern computing power it is also possible to display data as isoabsorbance contours plotted in the wavelength time plane. Peak detection is also enhanced by full-screen three-dimensional displays which can be rotated to give different perspectives aiding the location of hidden peaks. 

Downing E, Hesselink L, Ralston J, Macfarlane R (1996) A three-color, solid-state, three-dimensional display. Science 273 1185... 

Although three-dimensional display was a major advance in evaluation of facial lesions and treatment planning, physical models may be key to achieving full three-dimensional simulation of the face (Ayoub et al. 1996 Cheung et al. 2002). Physical models provide a means of greater appreciation of the spatial characteristics of lesions, a significant advance for surgeons who deal with these physical characteristics in vivo. 

Pickhardt PJ, Lee AD, McFarland EG et al (2005) Linear polyp measurement at CT colonography in vitro and in vivo comparison of two-dimensional and three-dimensional displays. Radiology 236 872-878 Pickhardt PJ, Taylor AJ, Gopal DV (2006) Surface visualization at 3D endoluminal CT colonography degree of coverage and implications for polyp detection. Gastroenterology 130 1582-1587... 

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