Subject nature

In this case, no profound specialised knowledge is required for determination of the type of discontinuities. On the other hand, determination of the nature of damage using a regular flaw detector for manual UT, can be a complicated task for any flaw detection experts, in any case, its solution will require time and qualification of the operator, but. the presence of these conditions will not eliminate the subjective nature of the assessment. 

The factor of safety had little scientific background, but had an underlying empirical and subjective nature. No one can dispute that at the time that stress analysis was in its infancy, this was the best knowledge available, but they are still being applied today Factors of safety that are recommended in recent literature range from 1.25 to 10 for various material types and loading conditions (Edwards and McKee, 1991 Haugen, 1980). 

Branden, C.-I., Jones, A. Between objectivity and subjectivity. Nature 343 687-689, 1990. 

The modified FMEA approach has been used by the API to develop RP14C. In this document ten different process components have been analyzed and a Safety Analysis Table (SAT) has been developed for each component. A sample SAT for a pressure vessel is shown in Table 14-4. The fact that Tables 14-3 and 14-4 are not identical is due to both the subjective natures of a Hazard Analysis and FMEA, and to the fact that RP14C is a consensus standard. However, although the rationale differs somewhat, the devices required are identical. (The gas make-up system in Table 14-4 is not really required by RP14C, as we shall see.)... 

S. Long and D. W. Ehrhardt, New route to a sticky subject. Nature JJH 545 (1989). S. R. Long, Rhizohtum symbiosis Nod factors in perspective. Plant Cell I885 (1996). 

Assessment and definition of sensitivity are often described for quantitative analysis but are of equal importance for qualitative devices of the dip-stick type that are very popular for farm- or field-based screening assays. Because of the somewhat subjective nature of visually assessed assays, the assay s sensitivity must be validated using a number of observers to determine at what level a test is deemed positive. The number of false positives and false negatives must be carefully determined in order to balance consumer safety and potential economic loss to animal producers. 

All these uncertainties about the randomness in multicomponent retention patterns are overcome once its features are precisely stated. This will allow the subjective nature of the randomness to be made objective through proper analysis. We start with discussing the fact that the pure random pattern does not exist, but full... 

A significant development in the FRET imaging field has been the systematic implementation of spectral resolution [15-20], including D-A population analysis [8, 19] (see also Chapter 8), often in the context of single-molecule determinations [21-26] see focus issue on this subject, Nature Methods, June 2008. Invariably, photobleaching phenomena [21, 27, 28] intervene either as a hindrance (that can be minimized, CLEM [29]) or a facilitation of the FRET determination [1, 30], The equally important issue of background suppression or compensation can be achieved by novel means photon-free (bio)chemical instead of photonic excitation... 

Given the subjective nature of recognizing clinical signs, careful steps must be taken to ensure uniformity (is the animal depressed or prostrated ) of observation so that the data can be analyzed in a meaningful fashion. There are three ways of achieving this. First, signs should be restricted to a predefined list of simple descriptive terms, such as those listed in Table 5.4 or in Appendix B. Second, if a computerized data acquisition system is unavailable, the use of standardized forms will add uniformity to the observation and recording processes. An example of such... 

Subjects exposed to ambient oxidant pollution or to controlled oxidant pollution in a test chamber express their response by symptoms, as well as by physiologic changes. Because of their subjective nature, little attention has been given to symptoms in overall assessments of effects however, with systematic collection, these experimental data lend themselves to semiquantitation. 

Eye irritation has been a common complaint of people exposed to phohx hemical air poUution. Attempts to investigate this experimentally have encountered problems, because of the subjective nature of the human response and the multiphasic photochemical reactions involved. Human studies conducted until 1970 on eye irritation were cataloged and discussed in Air Quality Criteria for Hydrocarbons. 

Sensory methods have the ability to detect spoilage of either cooked or raw products. Because of this advantage, sensory methods are used as standards by agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for regulatory purposes. The shortcomings of such procedures are the subjective nature of the evaluations, which typically causes greater deviation than objective evaluations, and the need for trained evaluators. 

The use of human subjects occupationally exposed to chemicals is often attempted, but such tests are complicated by the subjective nature of the end points (dizziness, etc.). 

Effective mass yield includes actual reagent masses as well as solvents. In effective mass yield, Hudlicky chose to include only nonbenign reagents. Benign reagents include water, dilute saline solutions, and ethanol. The safety of some reagents is debatable, and the subjective nature of effective mass yield calculations is a weakness in the metric. 

In principle, this should be possible (subject, naturally, to legislative amendment of the Directive to permit this approach). Care must be taken to ensure that, if allocation in this way were thought to face similar problems to the doubts expressed by the Commission re France s first NAP,30 then the arguments for justifying that aid on environmental grounds (probably as promoting an important project of... 

Subject Natural gas Gasoil Heavy fuel Coal... 

Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Logan J, Gatley SJ, Hitzemann R, Chen AD, Dewey SL, Pappas N (1997b) Decreased striatal dopaminergic responsiveness in detoxified cocaine-dependent subjects. Nature 5S6 830-833. 

Greenleaf, J.E. (1964) Lack of artificial acclimatization to heat in physically fit subjects. Nature 203, 1072. 

Boerhaave s opinion on the inherent necessity of nature brought him onto a slippery slope again. It smacks of Spinozist determinism. Orthodox theologians believed that to subject nature to mechanics amount to a restriction of God s actions by the rules of an essentially human craft. However, according to Boerhaave the inherent necessity of nature would not restrict the omnipotence of God. Already in 1688, while speaking about the unbroken, eternal and necessary truth of axiom s Boerhaave had referred to the unity of God, and he states that it wrong to say that God s power makes possible... 

How clean we want the air is a most important, but highly subjective judgment. The ultimate in control is no pollution at all. However, the cost of this ideal would certainly result in the downgrading of other desirable community services schools, transportation, safety, etc. Pollution control must take its place among the desirable tax-consuming, community activities and is always subjected to a relative importance judgment 12, 13). The subjective nature of these important decisions... 

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