Bases description

Baney, J.M., Hui, C.Y. and Cohen, C., Experimental investigations of a stress intensity factor based description of the adhesion of viscoelastic materials. Langmuir, 17(3), 681-687 (2001). 

Ramsey JC, Andersen ME. 1984. A physiologically based description of the inhalation pharmacokinetics of styrene in rats and humans. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 73 159-175. 

These results show that hydrodynamic interactions and the spatial dependence of the friction tensor can be investigated in regimes where continuum descriptions are questionable. One of the main advantages of MPC dynamics studies of hydrodynamic interactions is that the spatial dependence of the friction tensor need not be specified a priori as in Langevin dynamics. Instead, these interactions automatically enter the dynamics from the mesoscopic particle-based description of the bath molecules. 

Vibration Diagram Method. In actuality the last cases above are not described accurately by this dipole array model because actual phases of the electric fields are significantly altered from those of linear waves. (A more realistic, but complex model is to consider amplitude and phase characteristics of the oscillating vertically polarized component of electric field resulting from rotation of a line of transverse dipoles of equal magnitude but rotated relative to each other along the line such that their vertical components at some reference time are depicted by Figure 2.) For this reason and to handle details of focused laser beams one must resort to a more mathematically based description. Fortunately, numerical... 

Another Lagrangian-based description of micromixing is provided by multienvironment models. In these models, the well macromixed reactor is broken up into sub-grid-scale environments with uniform concentrations. A four-environment model is shown in Fig. 5.16. In this model, environment 1 contains unmixed fluid from feed stream 1 environments 2 and 3 contain partially mixed fluid and environment 4 contains unmixed fluid from feed stream 2. The user must specify the relative volume of each environment (possibly as a function of age), and the exchange rates between environments. While some qualitative arguments have been put forward to fit these parameters based on fluid dynamics and/or flow visualization, one has little confidence in the general applicability of these rules when applied to scale up or scale down, or to complex reactor geometries. 

Aiming at a computer-based description of cellular metabolism, we briefly summarize some characteristic rate equations associated with competitive and allosteric regulation. Starting with irreversible Michaelis Menten kinetics, the most common types of feedback inhibition are depicted in Fig. 9. Allowing all possible associations between the enzyme and the inhibitor shown in Fig. 9, the total enzyme concentration Er can be expressed as... 

In close analogy to flux-balance analysis, we thus extend the constraint-based description of metabolic networks to incorporate (local) dynamic properties. Recall the expansion of the mass-balance equation into a Taylor series, already given in Eq. (68)... 

The study of liquids near solid surfaces using microscopic (atomistic-based) descriptions of liquid molecules is relatively new. Given a potential energy function for the interaction between liquid molecules and between the liquid molecules and the solid surface, the integral equation for the liquid density profile and the liquid molecules orientation can be solved approximately, or the molecular dynamics method can be used to calculate these and many other structural and dynamic properties. In applying these methods to water near a metal surface, care must be taken to include additional features that are unique to this system (see later discussion). 

Eikerling et al. ° used a similar approach except that they focus mainly on convective transport. As mentioned above, they use a pore-size distribution for Nafion and percolation phenomena to describe water flow through two different pore types in the membrane. Their model is also more microscopic and statistically rigorous than that of Weber and Newman. Overall, only through combination models can a physically based description of transport in membranes be accomplished that takes into account all of the experimental findings. 

In Sgroups, repeating units are enclosed in square brackets and a subscript n is placed to the right of the closing bracket. The subscript blk indicates a block copolymer and mon a monomer in a source-based representation. Superscripts indicate the orientation of the repeating units (hh = head-to-head, ht = head-to-tail, eu = either unknown) in a structure-based description. Crossing bonds (bonds... 

As with classic compartment pharmacokinetic models, PBPK models can be used to simulate drug plasma concentration versus time profiles. However, PBPK models differ from classic PK models in that they include separate compartments for tissues involved in absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination connected by physiologically based descriptions of blood flow (Figure 10.1). 

Again, although soft descriptions might be desirable, none have actually emerged. Reactant-based descriptors other than those of the SP system have not prevailed. In fact, basically the same procedure but different terms were used2. It is worth noting that Masamune s synjanti description is a product-based description (see Section 1.1.8.2.). 

A detailed, structural based description of the mechanism of transcription stimulation in procaryotes is currently not possible since such data is not yet available. 

Choudhury et al. [36] in their work on hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR)-nanoclay systems showed the thermodynamic aspects of nanocomposite formation using the mean-field-lattice-based description of polymer melt intercalation, which was first proposed by Vaia and Giannelis [37]. Briefly, the free... 

EXAMPLE 9.4 Kinetic-Theory-Based Description of Binary Adsorption. Assume that two gases A and B individually follow the Langmuir isotherm in their adsorption on a particular solid. Use the logic that results in Equation (46) to derive an expression for the fraction of surface sites covered by one of the species when a mixture of the two gases is allowed to come to adsorption equilibrium with that solid. 

Kinetic-theory-based description of binary adsorption 425... 

Ramsey, J.C. Andersen, M.E. (1984) A physiologically based description of the inhalation pharmacokinetics of styrene in rats and humans. Toxicol, appl. Pharmacol., T3, 159-175 Rappaport, S.M., Ting, D., Jin, Z., Yeowell-0 Connell, K., Waidyanatha, S. McDonald, T. 

In the calculus-based description of thermodynamic phenomena, these two aspects of a variable are distinguished as the value (F) versus the variability (dF) of an underlying function [F(...)], for example,... 

Let us consider instead the possibility of a geometry-based description. In this framework, a thermodynamic variable is identified with a vector of the geometrical space, designated Ms, describing the equilibrium state S of interest. To distinguish this vector aspect notationally, we employ the Dirac ket symbol F) to denote the abstract geometrical vector that corresponds to (double-headed arrow) the calculus-based descriptors of the variable,... 

The basic asymmetry between intensive and extensive vectors can also be recognized in the Gibbs phase rule. This establishes the dimensionality of Ms in terms of the number of independent intensities, as expressed in (11.9b) in terms of rank(M). An alternative extensity-based (or M-based) description necessarily diverges at points where M becomes singular, i.e., at critical limits, where dimensionality changes, as shown by (11.24). 

Despite the clear importance of RA, its behavior is still not properly understood. This can be attributed to a very complex combination of process thermodynamics and kinetics, with intricate reaction schemes including ionic species, reaction rates varying over a wide range, and complex mass transfer and reaction coupling. As compared to distillation, RA is a fully rate-controlled process, and it dehnitely occurs far from the equilibrium state. Therefore, practitioners and theoreticians are highly interested in establishing a proper rate-based description of this process. 

The definition of high-level waste in Clause (A) of NWPA given above follows the traditional, source-based description although, for the first time, the presence of fission products is mentioned explicitly. However, the definition remains qualitative because highly radioactive material and sufficient concentrations of fission products are not quantified, nor are the minimum concentrations of alpha-emitting transuranium radionuclides. 

Aim Quantitative description of the dose-exposure-response relationship Mechanism-based description of the processes underlying the dose-response relationship... 

The bond enthalpy, AH°(X-Y), of the X-Y bond (sometimes called, bond dissociation enthalpy or, loosely, bond energy and sometimes given the alternative symbols is (X-Y) or BEx-y) is a quantitative (thermochemical based) description of the average enthalpy required to break an X-Y bond. 

Furthermore, a CFD based description of single-phase and multi-phase flows in column internals is given in (Yin et ah, 2000 Yin et ah, 2002) for random packings, in (Petre et ah, 2003 Larachi et ah, 2003) for structured packings and in (Trubac et ah, 2001) for a structured catalytic packing. 

The works performed till 1914 provided the first detailed, triangulation-based description of the Black and Azov Seas. By the beginning of the First World War Russia could boast the best knowledge of hydrography of these seas. 

A general, tensorially based description of the basis of the governing equations of fluid mechanics soon appeared in the Prentice-Hall series of texts for chemical engineers [4], and this material was later incorporated in several widely used undergraduate textbooks for chemical engineers [see 5, 6]. 

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