Ischemia, brain

Abe, K. Kogure, K. (1993). Selective gene expression after brain ischemia. Progr. Brain Res. 96, 221-236. 

Latour LL, Kang DW, Ezzeddine MA, Chalela JA, Warach S. Early blood-brain barrier disruption in human focal brain ischemia. Ann Neurol 2004 56 468 77. 

Warach S, Latour LL. Evidence of reperfusion injury, exacerbated by thrombolytic therapy, in human focal brain ischemia using a novel imaging marker of early blood-brain barrier disruption. Stroke 2004 35 2659-2661. 

The Combined Lysis of Thrombus in Brain Ischemia Using Transcranial Ultrasound and Systemic rt-PA (CLOTBUST) study was a phase II randomized trial which compared continuous transcranial Doppler ultrasound insonation, in subjects with ultrasound evidence of MCA occlusion being given IV rt-PA, to sham insona-tion. ° There was an increased rate of arterial recanalization with the continuous insonation (49% vs. 30%, p = 0.03) and no increased risk of sICH. 

Katsura K, Rodriguez de Turco EB, Siesjo BK, Bazan NG. Effects of hyperglycemia and hypercapnia on lipid metabolism during complete brain ischemia. Brain Res 2004 1030 133-140. 

Mizumura S, Nakagawara J, Takahashi M, Kumita S, Cho K, Nakajo H, Toba M, KumazaM T. Three-dimensional display in staging hemodynamic brain ischemia for jet study objective evaluation using see analysis and 3d-ssp display. Ann Nucl Med 2004 18 13-21. 

Floyd, R.A. (1990). Role of oxygen free radicals in carcinogenesis and brain ischemia. FASEB J. 4, 2587-2597. 

Yu, T.L., Gu, J.L., Lysko, P.G., Cheng, H.Y., Barone, F.C. and Feuerstein, G. (1992). Neuroprotective effects of phenyl-f-butyl-nitrone in gerbil global brain ischemia and in cultured rat cerebellar neurons. Brain Res. 574, 193-197. 

Sato, P.H. and Hall, E.D. (1992). Tirilazad mesylate protects vitamins C and E in brain ischemia-reperfasion injury. J. Neurochem. 58, 2263-2268. 

D1 (10,17S-docosatriene) from DHA using tandem liquid chromatography-photodiode array-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-PDA-ESI-MS-MS)-based lipidomic analysis have been documented in ischemic brain [4] and retinal pigment epithelium [5], This new lipid is called neuroprotectin D1 (1) because of its neuro-protectiveproperties in brain ischemia-reperfusion [4] and in oxidative stress-challenged retinal pigment epithelial cells [5] (2) because of its potent ability to inactivate proapoptotic signaling (see apoptosis, Ch. 35) [5] and (3) because it is the first identified neuroprotective mediator derived from DHA. 

Aveldano, M. I. and Bazan, N. G. Differential lipid deacylation during brain ischemia in a homeotherm and a poikilo-therm. Content and composition of free fatty acids and triacylglycerol. Brain Res. 100 99-110,1975. 

An effect on blood pressure was shown in the study by Clark and Litchfield (1969) in which subcutaneous injections of PGDN to anesthetized rats at 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, or 160 mg/kg resulted in a dose-related fall in mean arterial blood pressure (measured in the cannulized femoral artery) within 30 min with recovery over the next 12 h. The maximum drop in blood pressure correlated with the maximum concentration of PGDN in the blood. However, a drop in blood pressure did not occur in human volunteers who inhaled 0.5 ppm PGDN for 7.3 h. Rather, a mean elevation of diastolic blood pressure of 12 mm Hg was associated with severe and throbbing headaches (Stewart et al. 1974). A drop in blood pressure and decreasing stroke volume can result in brain ischemia, causing the dizziness and weakness reported by one subject after exposure at 0.5 ppm for 6 h in the Stewart et al. (1974) study as well as in occupationally exposed workers (Horvath et al. 1981). 

The importance of the Na+/Ca2+ exchangers is underlined by the observation that in brain ischemia, specific cleavage of NCX3 by Ca2+-activated proteases leads to uncontrolled Ca2+ overload and to cell death, and that homozygous NCX1 knockout mice die in the embryo stage. 

Fig. 2.5 Endogenous hemoglobin fragments responding by concentration changes in human tissues to pathologies of different genesis. I - Alzheimer s desease II - lung carcinoma III -Hodgkin s desease IV - brain ischemia V - lymphosarcoma...

Schmidt-Kastner R, Zhang B, Belayev L, Khoutorova L, Amin R, et al. 2002. DNA microarray analysis of cortical gene expression during early recirculation after focal brain ischemia in rat. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 108 81. 

Ginsberg MD (1995) Neuroprotection in brain ischemia an update (part I). Neuroscientist 1 95-103... 

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