Non-immune

Lectins (proteins and/or glycoproteins of non-immune origin that agglutinate cells, from seeds of Robinia pseudoacacia), M 100,000. Purified by pptn with ammonium sulfate and dialysis then chromatographed on DE-52 DEAE-cellulose anion-exchanger, hydroxylapatite and Sephacryl S-200. [Wantyghem et al. Biochem J 237 483 1986.]... 

P. malariae), P. falciparum is responsible for the most severe form. At particular risk of developing severe malaria-associated pathology are the non-immune, including tourists and, in endemic areas, children and pregnant women during first pregnancy. 

IFNs are natural glycoproteins produced by the cells of most vertebrates in response to the challenge by foreign agents, such as infectious organisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites), and by tumor cells. IFNs can be produced by cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems and by non-immune cells such as fibroblasts and epithelial cells. 

Non-immune hypersensitivity via direct mediator release or direct activation of plasma-protein systems... 

Opioids. Reactions to morphine, codeine phosphate, meperidine, fentanyl and its derivatives are uncommon. Because of their direct histamine-releasing properties, especially regarding morphine and codeine, distinction between anaphylaxis and non-immune-mediated histamine release is not always easy. Only 12 cases were recorded in the last 2 years epidemiologic survey in France, 9 of them being related to morphine administration [9]. 

True IgE-mediated anaphylactic reactions to LAs are extremely rare [11-13]. Only single cases have been reported in the literature with positive prick tests [ 14,15]. A case of a positive open patch test in a patient suffering from contact urticaria after topical application of lidocaine, pilocaine mixture (Emla cream) might represent a true IgE-mediated allergy [16]. The maj ority of immediate-type reactions are non-immune in nature. 

The majority of immediate-type adverse reactions to LA seem to be non-immune in nature, earlier called pseudo-allergic [24]. Following the new nomenclature of the World Allergy Organization, these reactions should now be called non-immune anaphylaxis [25]. 

Contrary to other elicitors of non-immune anaphylactic reactions (radiocontrast media, neuromuscular blocking agents, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)) where there are at least hypothetical concepts regarding the pathomecha-nism of these reactions via increased mediator release (e.g. histamine release, shift in arachidonic acid metabolism from prostaglandins towards leukotrienes, etc.) [26], there is almost no literature regarding the pathomechanism of these reactions after LA application. 

Most health care workers are at risk for exposure to many diseases in the normal course of their work. Additionally, health care workers may transmit vaccine-preventable diseases to their patients. At the time of employment and on a regular basis, health care workers should be screened for immunity to measles, rubella, and varicella if found to be non-immune, the measles, mumps, and rubella, and varicella vaccines should be administered. The hepatitis B series should be given if not already completed. Tetanus should be updated and given every 10 years. Health care personnel in hospitals and ambulatory settings with direct patient contact should receive Tdap if not already received an interval as short as 2 years from the last tetanus-containing vaccine should be used. Priority for receiving Tdap should be given to personnel with direct contact with infants less than 12 months of age. 

Two types of antibody libraries can be constructed, immune or non-immune. Immune libraries are constructed by immunizing the animal of interest with an antigen(s). In the case of humans, the source can be volunteers with the disease or condition under study (Persson et al., 1991). Human antibodies have also been obtained from severe combined immunodeficiency mice populated with human peripheral blood... 

Vaughan, T. J., Williams, A. J., Pritchard, K., Osbourn, J. K., Pope, A. R., Eamshaw, J. C., McCafferty, J., Hodits, R. A., Wilton, J., and Johnson, K. S. (1996). Human antibodies with sub-nanomolar affinities isolated from a large non-immunized phage display library. Nat. Biotechnol. 14, 309-314. 

Capo, V., Silberstein, D. and Despommier, D.D. (1986) Immunocytolocalization of two protection-inducing antigens of Trichinella spiralis during its enteral phase in immune and non-immune mice. Journal of Parasitology 72, 931-938. 

Non-immune libraries are produced in a similar fashion, but using B-lymphocytes fromnon-im-munized donors as a source of antibody genes. This approach becomes necessary if initial immunization with the antigen of interest is not possible (e.g. due to ethical considerations). Although such... 

In addition, we discuss the most likely clinical consequences of mild-to moderate immunosuppression and potential confounders as well as non-immune factors that may modify these disease outcomes. Cases of profound immunosuppression, such as primary immunodeficiency diseases or HIV/AIDS, are not discussed, as these represent extreme examples of immunosuppression where neither the specific clinical diseases nor the eventual outcomes have much in common with events that occur in individuals with mild-to-moderate immunosuppression. 

The major gap in clarifying the shape of the dose-response curve (i.e., between immune response and disease) is a lack of large scale epidemiological studies in populations with mild-to moderate immunodeficiency that have been monitored simultaneously for immune system parameters and clinical disease. Attempts in conducting such studies will be complicated by many non-immune factors which can affect infectious disease incidences. 

At least some of the cannabinoid-induced modulation of immune cells, and effects on host resistance to infection, are mediated directly by binding of cannabinoids to CBRs, particularly CBR2. Host immunity to microbes, however, involves many cell types, both immune and non-immune, as well as soluble factors including cytokines, chemokines, neurocytokines, and hormones related to the HP axis. It is therefore likely that a variety of cellular and molecular mechanisms whereby cannabinoids, including THC, affect immune function. 

Figure 7.9. FcyRI expression in blood and synovial-fluid neutrophils. Neutrophils were isolated from the blood (trace ii) and synovial fluid (trace iii) of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Expression of CD64 (FcyRI) was then measured by FACS analysis. Trace (i) indicates the fluorescence distribution of a non-immune isotype control monoclonal antibody. Similar results were obtained in 6 out of 11 patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Complement are non-immune plasma proteins that act in conjunction with intibodies. 

Antigen-induced, non immune response-related gene expression changes Immune response characteristics on gene expression level at 6 and 13 months, respectively ... 

M. After rinsing in TBS, they were floated on a drop of 1% TBS-BSA (bovine serum albumin) (or non-immune goat serum) before treating... 

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