Immune hypersensitivity

Non-immune hypersensitivity via direct mediator release or direct activation of plasma-protein systems... 

Audicana, M.T. and Kennedy, M.W. 2008. Anisakis simplex From obscure infectious worm to inducer of immune hypersensitivity. Clin Microbiol Rev 21(2) 360-379. 

Immunologic Immune hypersensitivity reaction (severe), anaphylaxis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis... 

S. Raffel, Immunity, Hypersensitivity, Serology, Appleton-Ceiitury-Crofts, Inc., New York, N. Y., 1953. 

Campbell, D.A., Poulter, L.W., Janossy, G. and du Bois, B M. (1985). Immunohistological analysis of lung tissue from patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis suggesting local expression of immune hypersensitivity. Thorax 40, 405-411. 

How then do small molecular weight, nonreac-tive chemicals such as many drugs stimulate IgE antibody production and provoke immune hypersensitivity reactions ranging from mild rashes to severe, life-threatening anaphylaxis It must be... 

A number of chimerized, humanized, and one human mAb have now been approved for therapeutic use in humans in the treatment of autoimmunity, malignancy, infection and cardiovascular disease (Table 1). Some of the currently licensed mAb will be discussed here. A much larger number of mAb are currently being evaluated in Phase I, II and III trials. In general, chimeric, humanized and human mAb are very well tolerated with few side effects. Chimeric or humanized mAb still have the potential to evoke host immune response to the variable domains or CDRs of the antibody so-called HACA (human anti-chimeric antibody) or HAHA (human anti-human antibody) responses, although these responses are uncommon. Short-lived and occasionally severe infusion-related acute hypersensitivity reactions such as fever, skin itching, shivering, respiratory compromise and low blood pressure sometimes occur-. Such effects may... 

Hypersensitivity (or allergy) describes an inappropriate immune response to foreign substances, allergens, giving rise to irritant or harmful reactions. 

Adverse reactions from the administration of vaccines or toxoids are usually mild. Chills, fever, muscular aches and pains, rash, and lethargy may be present. Pain and tenderness at the injection site may also occur. Although rare, a hypersensitivity reaction may occur. The Summary Drug Table Agents for Active Immunization provides a listing of the more rare, but serious, adverse reactions. 

Hypnotics. Common hypnotics are thiopental, propofol, midazolam, etomidate, ketamine and inhaled anesthetics. The incidence of hypersensitivity reactions with thiopental is rare. Recently, thiopental was involved in less than 1% of allergic reactions in France [9]. Ever since Cremophor EL, used as a solvent for some non-barbiturate hypnotics, has been avoided, many previously reported hypersensitivity reactions have disappeared. In the last French surveys, reactions to propofol accounted for less than 2.5% of allergic reactions, and reactions to midazolam, etomidate or ketamine appear to be really rare [9]. Finally, no immune-mediated immediate hypersensitivity reaction involving isoflurane, desflurane or sevoflurane has been reported despite their wide use. 

NMBAs Immune-Mediated Hypersensitivity Reactions Are Predominant... 

Not all antigen-antibody reactions are of benefit to the body, as sometimes the complexes (or their subsequent interaction with body tissues) may result in tissue damage. This must be regarded as a malfunction of the immune system and is known as a hypersensitive reaction. These reactions can be categorized into five main types. The first three involve the interaction between antigen and humoral antibody, and as the onset of the reaction is rapid, the condition is termed immediate hypersensitivity. The fourth type (delayed hypersensitivity) involves T cells and the symptoms of the reaction appear after 24 hours. The fifth type is where antibody stimulates cell function. 

Stevens-Johnson syndrome, a severe erythema, was seen in five people occupationally exposed to trichloroethylene for 2-5 weeks at levels ranging from 19 to 164 ppm (Phoon et al. 1984). The study authors suggested that the erythema was caused by a hypersensitivity reaction to trichloroethylene. An exfoliative dermatitis (Goh and Ng 1988) and scleroderma (Czirjak et al. 1993), also thought to have an immune component, have been reported in persons occupationally exposed to trichloroethylene. 

A limited study in animals also presents evidence for increased susceptibility to Streptococcus zooepidomicus (Aran d et al. 1986). Immune system effects observed in mice exposed orally to trichloroethylene included inhibition of cell-mediated immunity, delayed type hypersensitivity, and inhibition of antibody-mediated immunity (Sanders et al. 1982). Female mice appeared to be more sensitive than male mice. A study in which a susceptible strain of mice was treated with intraperitoneal injections of trichloroethylene suggests that trichloroethylene can accelerate the autoimmune response (Khan et al. 1995). The immune system may be a sensitive end point for toxic effects from low-level exposure to trichloroethylene however, no firm conclusions can be drawn from the available information. Additional human and animal studies are needed to better characterize this end point and determine the potential for immunological effects for people exposed to trichloroethylene at hazardous waste sites. 

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