Mediator release

Elevation of cycHc AMP levels is also known to inhibit the release of inflammatory and contractile mediators from mast cells (42). The good clinical efficacy of P2" goiAsts may be related to this action because some members of this class of dmgs inhibit mediator release at the same concentrations at which they relax smooth muscle (43). In contrast to their effectiveness against immediate bronchoconstriction, P2" gonists do not inhibit the late asthmatic... 

Alkylation of the monobenzhydryl derivative of piperazine ( ) with the same alkylating agent gives oxatomide (59), after removal of the protecting group.This agent shows antihistaminic activity as well as some mediator release inhibiting activity, a... 

Carboxylic acid derivatives of heterocycles have proved a source of compounds that show the same allergic mediator release inhibiting activity as sodium cromoglycate. A number of these agents have been taken to the clinic for trial as antiallergic agents. 

The observation that a carboxyl derivative of a pyrimidinoquinol ine shows mediator release inhibiting activity is in consonance with the earlier generalization. Knoevenagel condensation of nitroaldehyde 138 with cyano-acetamide gives the product 139. Treatment with iron in... 

The earboxylie aeid derivative of an isomerie fused thienopyrimidine exhibits mediator release inhibiting activity. The apparently complex thiophene 126 can be obtained in a single step by... 

Bradycardia/AV- bio ck/renal vaso cons trict Hypotension/coronary vasodilation/platelet aggreg Mediator release... 

Allergy. Figure 5 Glucocorticoids regulate gene expression, resulting in a decrease of cytokine and mediator release. 

Glucocorticoids. Figure 2 Cellular effect of glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids can affect the activation of most resident and infiltrating cells with the airway suppressing either cell number or mediator release or both. In addition, glucocorticoids are able to decrease vascular permeablility (leak) within the airways that causes oedema and increase the expression of (32-receptors in smooth muscle cells. 

Preformed mediators released from activated cells Histamine... 

Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptors are intracellular cation channels. They are expressed in most cells and predominantly within the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. They mediate release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores by the many receptors that stimulate IP3 formation. 

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA ecstasy) is a synthetic analog of amphetamine that produces hallucinations, an elevation in mood, and a feeling of emotional closeness . This latter property has led to Ecstasy being referred to as the hug drag . The unique properties of Ecstasy as compared to the parent compound amphetamine are believed to be due to the more selective effects of Ecstasy in promoting transporter-mediated release of serotonin. The use of Ecstasy has become a part of the culture associated with rave style dance parties. 

Non-immune hypersensitivity via direct mediator release or direct activation of plasma-protein systems... 

Marshall JS. Leal-Berumen I. Nielsen L. Glibetic M. Jordana M Interleukin (IL)-IO inhibits long-term IL-6 production but not preformed mediator release from rat peritoneal mast cells. J Clin Invest 1996 97 1122-1128. 

Schroeder JT, MacGlashan DW Jr. Lichtenstein LM Human basophils mediator release and cytokine production. Adv Immunol 2001 77 93-122. 

DW Jr, Bochner BS. Gillis S. Zsebo KM. Galli SJ, Lichtenstein LM The human recombinant c-kit 49 receptor ligand, rhSCF, induces mediator release from human cutaneous mast cells and enhances IgE-dependent mediator release from both skin mast cells and peripheral blood basophils. J Immunol 1992 149 599. sO... 

Stellato C, de Crescenzo G, Patella V, Mastronardi P. Mazzarella B, Marone G Human basophil/mast cell releasability. XL Heterogeneity of the effects of contrast media on mediator release. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996 97 838. 

Table 4. Triggers for mast cell mediator release ... 

No increase of plasma leukotrienes after RCM administration Mast cell mediator release correlates with severity of reaction, positive basophil activation test to RCM in patients... 

Arnold AW, Hausermann P, Bach S, Bircher AJ Recurrent flexural exanthema (SDRIFE or baboon syndrome) after administration of two different iodinated radiocontrast media. Dermatology 2007 214 89-93. Laroche D Immediate reactions to contrast media mediator release and value of diagnostic testing. Toxicology 2005 209 193-194. 

To explain the possible differences observed regarding the risk of allergic reactions with the different NMBAs, it has been suggested that the flexibility of the chain between the ammonium ions as well as the distance between the substituted ammonium ions might be of importance in the elicitation of mediator release [16]. Suxamethonium is a linear flexible chain. 

Contrary to other elicitors of non-immune anaphylactic reactions (radiocontrast media, neuromuscular blocking agents, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)) where there are at least hypothetical concepts regarding the pathomecha-nism of these reactions via increased mediator release (e.g. histamine release, shift in arachidonic acid metabolism from prostaglandins towards leukotrienes, etc.) [26], there is almost no literature regarding the pathomechanism of these reactions after LA application. 

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