Non-specific immunity

At low concentrations, TNF-a activates a range of leukocytes that mediate selected elements of both specific and non-specific immunity. These TNF-a actions include ... 

Rougier, F., D. Troutaud, A. Ndoye, and R Deschaux. 1994. Non-specific immune response of zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio (Hamilton-Buchanan) following copper and zinc exposure. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 4 115-127. 

Non-specific immunity Peritoneal macrophage count and phagocytic activity Phagocytosis... 

Froese, J.M., Smits, J.E., and Wickstrom M.L., Evaluation of two methods for assessing mechanisms of non-specific immunity in tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum), J. Wildl. Dis., 41, 209, 2005. 

Exposure of the SECs to pathogens or cytokines produced by other cells during stress induces activation of the SECs and subsequent production of cytokines, eicosanoids, and/or adhesion molecules. For instance, after activation with EPS, a main component of the walls of gramnegative bacteria and a major inducer of inflammation and non-specific immune functions [20], SECs produce a number of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Pro-inflammatory cytokines shown to be produced were tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFa) [26] interleukin-1 alpha/beta(IL-lo/p) [27] the major inducer of acute phase proteins interleukin-6 (IL-6) [28] and the neutrophil chemo-attractant interleukin-8 (IL-8) [29]. Anti-inflammatory cytokines shown to be produced were interleukin-10 (IL-10) [27] and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) [30]. 

Devi RS, Namasivayam A, Prabhakai an K (1993) Moduladon of non-specific immunity by hippocampal sdmuladon. J Neuroim-munol 42 193-197. 

Hutchinson, T.H., M.D.R. Field and M.J. Manning. Evaluation of non-specific immune functions in dab, Limanda limanda L., following short-term exposure to sediments contaminated with polyaromatic hydrocarbons and/or polychlorinated biphenyls. Mar. Environ. Res. 55 193 —202, 2003. 

Rumyantsev SN. Constitutional and non-specific immunity to infection. Rev Sci Tech 1998 17 26-42. Shephard PJ, Rhind S, Shek PN. Exercise and the immune system. Natural killer cells, interleukins and... 

Tryphonas H, Luster MI, White KL Jr, et al. 1991a. Effects of PCB (Aroclor 1254) on non-specific immune parameters in Rhesus macaco mulatto) monkeys, hit J Immmunopharmacol 13 639-648. 

Non-specific immune stimulation of cancer patients has been tried for many years. Typically, the adjuvant is injected at the site of the tumour followed by a massive activation of macrophages and release of inflammatory cytokines. 

Chemo-immunotherapy in the clinic Combination of standard chemotherapy with therapeutic vaccines or non-specific immune therapy is being tested presently in cancer patients. They are in early phases with small numbers of patients, so it is not yet possible to draw conclusions about efficacy. 

Parant, M., C. Damais, F. Audibert, F. Parant, L. Chedid, E. Sache, P. Lefrancier, J. Choay, and E. Lederer In vivo and in vitro stimulation of non specific immunity by the p-D-p-amino-phenyl glycoside of N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine and an oligomer prepared by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. J. Infec. Dis. 138, 378... 

Chedid, L., M. Parant, F. Parant, P. Lefrancier, J. Choay,andE. Lederer Enhancement of non-specific immunity to Klebsiella pneumoniae infection by a synthetic immuno-adjuvant (N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine) and several analogs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 74, 2089 (1977). 

Non-specific immunity Product by general defenses, such as skin, lysozyme and complement, that protect against many different kinds of organisms rather than a specific one or two. 

Immunostimulants are compounds which are administered in order to increase the resistance of an organism against pathogens or tumors. They generally stimulate, in a non-antigen dependent manner, the function and efficiency of the non-specific immune system to counteract microbial infections or immunosuppressive states [49]. Furthermore, they are effective prophylactically as well as therapeutically. A panel of standardized in vitro assays used to evaluate this activity was described by Wagner and Jurcic in 1991 [50]. 

Andrographis paniculata [76, 77] (ethanol extract, antigen specific and non-specific immunity in mice) Hepatoprotective... 

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