Immediate type reactions

Sanz ML, Gamboa PM, Antepara I, Uasuf C, Vila L, Garda-Aviles C, Chazot M, De Week L Flow cytometric basophil activation test by detection of CD63 expression in patients with immediate-type reactions to (J-lactam antibiotics. Clin Exp Allergy 2002 32 277-286. 

True IgE-mediated anaphylactic reactions to LAs are extremely rare [11-13]. Only single cases have been reported in the literature with positive prick tests [ 14,15]. A case of a positive open patch test in a patient suffering from contact urticaria after topical application of lidocaine, pilocaine mixture (Emla cream) might represent a true IgE-mediated allergy [16]. The maj ority of immediate-type reactions are non-immune in nature. 

Sakaguchi, M., Ogura, H., and Inouye, S. 1995. IgE antibody to gelatine in children with immediate-type reactions to measles and mumps vaccines. J Allergy Clin Immunol 96 563-565. 

Hypersensitivity reactions to interferon beta are rare, with only two cases of immediate-type reactions (SEDA-20, 332) (63), and one case of urticaria associated with exacerbation of asthma (64). 

In Japan, children who had immediate-type allergic reactions to Japanese encephalitis vaccine had antigelatin IgE in their sera. However, the immunological mechanism of non-immediate-type allergic reactions that consist of cutaneous signs developing several hours or more after Japanese encephalitis immunization is not yet clear. Serum samples taken from 28 children who had non-immediate-type allergic skin reactions have been compared with serum samples taken from 10 children who had immediate-type reactions (13). All the children who... 

Sakaguchi M, Yoshida M, Kuroda W, Harayama O, Matsunaga Y, Inouye S. Systemic immediate-type reactions to gelatin included in Japanese encephahtis vaccines. Vaccine 1997 15(2) 121-2. 

Sakaguchi M, Nakayama T, Inouye S. Food allergy to gelatin in children with systemic immediate-type reactions, including anaphylaxis, to vaccines. J Allergy Chn Immunol 1996 98(6 Pt 1) 1058-61. 

A 40-year-old male nurse developed facial angioedema, dyspnea, rhinoconjunctivitis, dysphonia, and dysphagia immediately after opening a sachet containing amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (149). Skin prick tests were positive for both amoxicillin and ampicillin, and an open test with amoxicillin resulted in a severe immediate-type reaction with large localized wheals and erythema at 10 minutes. Six months later, when he was asymptomatic, erythema was observed during open tests with ampicillin 5%. 

These dyes are directly applied on fibers, most often cotton, wool, flax, or leather in a neutral or alkaline bath. They have low wet-fastness, and frequently need after-treatments. Direct Black 38 (Figure 18), a triazoic compound dye used for cotton, wool, and silk, has been implicated in patients wearing black clothes, with concomitant immediate-type reactions in some cases. 

Whereas complement and its role in immune complex diseases have been described above (Sect. D.1.2), there appears to be a number of instances of untoward reactions to drugs in which complement activation may play a major role. Anaphylactic reactions have been described following the development of drug-specific antibodies of the IgG type capable of activating complement. In some cases, such as an immediate-type reaction following the intravenous injection of protamine sulfate (Lakin et al. 1978), homocy to tropic antibodies of IgG type capable of passively transferring the reaction have been demonstrated. Such antibodies have a short sensitization period, are stable to heating at 56 °C and seem to require complement to induce the anaphylactic reaction. 

Skin testing with most other drugs is usually described as unreliable, although positive immediate type reactions coinciding with the patient s history are encountered with a large variety of drugs ... 

The prostaglandins produced following cell activation mediate not only immediate-type reactions, but inflammatory reactions as well. Greaves and Kingston (1975) suggested that prostaglandins may also make tissues more sensitive to the action of other mediators. However, whether prostaglandin infusion actually lowers the threshold of bronchial tissue to the effects of other mediators has not yet been established. 

Allergic or immediate-type reactions to hormones are as varied as the hormone preparations themselves. In many cases the presence of reaginic antibody or positive skin tests confirm the diagnosis of allergy to the hormone. Occasionally, immediate reactions occur very early in treatment or may represent an intolerance to pharmacological doses of the hormone. Thus although immediate-type reactions to hormone administrations are quite rare, the literature cited here emphasizes potential problems which may occur during their routine use. 

A J Bircher, Cutaneous immediate-type reactions to textiles 166-170 in Textiles and the Skin, P Eisner, K Hatch, and W Wigger-Alberti, (Vol.Eds), in Current Problems in Dermatology, 31 G Burg, (Series Ed), Basel Karger, 2003. 

Diphenylguanidine is a rubber sensitizer which can induce immediate-type reactions and delayed-type... 

Type I reactions are those in which antibody is attached to the surface of a mast cell. Contact with antigen in solution results in release of the soluble mediators of anaphylaxis, producing in the skin the typical immediate weal and flare reaction. This commences within minutes of antigen administration, is maximal after 15-20 min, and is usually no longer detectable macroscopically after 1 hour. In humans, most immediate hypersensitivity is produced by antibodies of the IgE-class. However, in many animal species, similar reactions are commonly produced by IgG subclass antibodies. There is also some evidence that immediate-type reactions also can be produced occasionally in humans by non-reaginic IgG subclass antibodies (Parish, 1970). 

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