Trichinella spiralis

Trichinosis. Trichinosis is caused by parasitic nematode Trichinella spiralis that locali2es in the muscles of pigs (see Antiparasitic agents). People... 

Mansonella perstans) roundworm A.scaris lumbricoides) Trichinosis (Trichinella spiralis) ... 

Many parasitic worms cause systemic infections outside the gastrointestinal tract. These include Strong loides stercoralis (threadworm), Trichinella spiralis Dracunculus medinensis and the several species of nematodes that cause filariasis (Mansonellaperstans and Onchocerca volvulus). 

A knowledge of parasite life cycles is crucial in the understanding of the ways infection is acquired and spread, the pathogenesis of disease, and the ways in which disease might be controlled. Some parasites which infect only humans, such as Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm), have a narrow host specificity, whereas others such as Trichinella spiralis infect numerous species. When other animals harbor the same parasite stage as humans, these animal species may serve as reservoir hosts. Humans infected with a parasite stage usually seen in other animal species are referred to as accidental hosts. 

Trichinella spiralis Gordius aquaticus Chordodes morgani... 

There is good evidence, for a number of helminth species, that different parasite lines vary in their infection characteristics in hosts, much of which is reviewed by Read and Viney (1996). For example, different isolates of Trichinella spiralis vary in the kinetics of their primary infection in the same mouse strain. Crucially, these differences are removed when mice are immunosuppressed (Bolas-Fernandez and Wakelin, 1989). Analogous observations have been made for Trichuris muris in mice. Different isolates differed in the kinetics of infection and expulsion. However, in immunosuppressed mice, all isolates had similar fecundity (Bellaby et al., 1995). Combined, these observations show immune-dependent variation between parasite lines in their infection kinetics. 

Parasitism by T. spiralis has been a subject of scientific interest for over 150 years. Recently, considerable attention has been paid to the parasite by immunologists interested in immunity to nematodes in general, and mucosal immunity in particular. It has been shown that glycan-specific antibodies are highly effective mediators of host defence against intestinal 7. spiralis infection. Protective monoclonal antibodies have been used to elucidate mechanisms of worm expulsion, as well as to identify molecules that the parasite uses to create its niche. In the future, detailed characterization of these molecules and their functions should afford additional insights into parasitism by Trichinella spiralis, and possibly also by other types of pathogen. 

Alizadeh, H. and Wakelin, D. (1982) Comparison of rapid expulsion of Trichinella spiralis in mice and rats. InternationalJournal for Parasitology 12, 65-73. 

Appleton, J.A. and McGregor, D.D. (1984) Rapid expulsion of Trichinella spiralis in suckling rats. Science 226, 70-72. 

Appleton, JA. and Usack, L. (1993) Identification of potential antigenic targets for rapid expulsion of Trichinella spiralis. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 58, 53-62. 

Appleton, JA., Bell, R.G., Homan, W. and van Knapen, F. (1991) Consensus on Trichinella spiralis antigens and antibodies. Parasitology Today 7, 190-192. 

Arden, S.R., Smith, A.M., Booth, M.J., Tweedie, S., Gounaris, K. and Selkirk, M.E. (1997) Identification of serine/threonine protein kinases secreted by Trichinella spiralis infective larvae. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 90, 111-119. 

Bell, R.G., McGregor, D.D. and Despommier, D. (1979) Trichinella spiralis . Mediation of the intestinal component of protective immunity in the rat by multiple, phase-specific, antiparasitic responses. Experimental Parasitology 47, 140-157. 

Bell, R.G., Adams, L.S. and Ogden, R.W. (1984) Intestinal mucus trapping in the rapid expulsion of Trichinella spiralis by rats induction and expression analyzed by quantitative worm recovery. Infection and Immunity 45, 267-272. 

Butcher, B.A., Gagliardo, L.F., ManWarren, T. and Appleton, J.A. (2000) Larvae-induced plasma membrane wounds and glycoprotein deposition are insufficient for Trichinella spiralis invasion of epithelial cells. Molecular and... 

Capo, V., Silberstein, D. and Despommier, D.D. (1986) Immunocytolocalization of two protection-inducing antigens of Trichinella spiralis during its enteral phase in immune and non-immune mice. Journal of Parasitology 72, 931-938. 

Carlisle, M.S., McGregor, D.D. and Appleton, J.A. (1991a) Intestinal mucus entrapment of Trichinella spiralis larvae induced by specific antibodies. 

Castro, G.A., Badial-Aceves, F., Adams, P.R., Copeland, E.M. and Dudrick, S.J. (1976) Response of immunized, parenterally nourished rats to challenge infection with the nematode, Trichinella spiralis. Journal of Nutrition 106, 1484-1491. 

Culbertson, J.T. (1943) Natural transmission of immunity against Trichinella spiralis from mother rats to their offspring. Journal of Parasitology 29, 114-116. 

Denkers, E.Y., Wassom, D.L. and Flayes, C.E. (1990a) Characterization of Trichinella spiralis antigens sharing an immunodominant, carbohydrate-associated determinant distinct from phosphorylcholine. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 41, 241-249. 

Despommier, D.D. (1998) How does Trichinella spiralis make itself at home Parasitology Today 14, 318-323. 

Despommier, D.D., Gold, A.M., Buck, S.W., Capo, V. and Silberstein, D. (1990) Trichinella spiralis, secreted antigen of the infective Li larva localizes to the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm of infected host cells. Experimental Parasitology 71, 27-38. 

Ellis, L.A., Reason, A.J., Morris, H.R., Dell, A., Iglesias, R., Ubeira, F.M. and Appleton, J.A. (1994) Glycans as targets for monoclonal antibodies that protect rats against Trichinella spiralis. Glycobiology 4, 585—592. 

Ellis, L.A., McVay, C.S., Probert, M.A., Zhang, J., Bundle, D.R. and Appleton, J.A. (1997) Terminal [blinked tyvelose creates unique epitopes in Trichinella spiralis glycan antigens. Glycobiology 7, 383-390. 

Gardiner, C.H. (1976) Habit and reproductive behavior of Trichinella spiralis. Journal of Parasitology 62, 865—870. 

Jasmer, D.P., Yao, S., Vassilatis, D., Despommier, D. and Neary, S.M. (1994) Failure to detect Trichinella spiralis p43 in isolated host nuclei and in irradiated larvae of infected muscle cells which express the infected cell phenotype. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 67, 225-234. 

Lee, G.B. and Ogilvie, B.M. (1982) The intestinal mucus layer in Trichinella spiralis infected rats. In Strober, W., Hanson, L.A. and Sell, K.W. (eds) Recent Advances in Mucosal Immunity. Raven Press, New York, p. 319. 

Su, X., Prestwood, A.K. and McGraw, R.A. (1991) Cloning and expression of complementary DNA encoding an antigen of Trichinella spiralis. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 45, 331—336. 

Sugane, K. and Matsuura, T. (1990) Molecular analysis of the gene encoding an antigenic polypeptide of Trichinella spiralis infective larvae. Journal of Helminthology 64, 1—8. 

Vassilatis, D.K., Despommier, D., Misek, D.E., Polvere, R.I., Gold, A.M. and Van der Ploeg, L.H.T. (1992) Analysis of a 43-kDa glycoprotein from the intracellular parasitic nematode Trichinella spiralis. Journal of Biological Chemistry 267, 18459-18465. 

Vos, J.G., Ruitenberg, E.J., Van Basten, N., Buys, J., Elgersma, A. and Kruizinga, W. (1983) The athymic nude rat. IV. Immunocytochemical study to detect T-cells, and immunological and histopathological reactions against Trichinella spiralis. Parasite Immunology 5, 195—215. 

Wisnewski, N., McNeil, M., Grieve, R.B. and Wassom, D.L. (1993) Characterization of novel fucosyl- and tyvelosyl-containing glycoconjugates from Trichinella spiralis muscle stage larvae. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 61, 25—36. 

Wright, K.A. (1979) Trichinella spiralis, an intracellular parasite in the intestinal phas e. Journal of Parasitology 65, 441 145. 

Wright, K.A., Weidman, E. and Hong, H. (1987) The distribution of cells killed by Trichinella spiralis in the mucosal epithelium of two strains of mice. Journal of Parasitology 73, 935-939. 

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