National source inventories

Several countries have performed national source inventories for dioxins to eliminate the major sources and minimize the potential risk for the environment. 

Korea Ministry of Environment (KMOE), 2003b. Preliminary Development of national source and emission inventories for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) emission inventory establishment (HCB, PCBs, and PAHs). KMOE report (in Korean), Seoul, Korea. 

Based on the activities that were initially conducted for the enabling activity project (Bravante and Medina, 2004), it was reported that little is known about POPs in the country and that even the users have minimal understanding of their hazards. As no comprehensive data on POPs is available for use as baseline information, a more comprehensive inventory is needed for the Philippines to have an actual measure of the risks that must be managed and addressed in the NIP. The Initial National Inventory conducted showed that POPs have already been banned in the country except HCB and mirex, which have no recorded use, importation or production in the country. Significant amounts of PCBs mainly come from electric transformers and capacitors. Dioxins and Source Inventory by DOST showed that there are numerous sources of dioxins and furans in the country, which emit significant quantities of dioxins and furans into the environment. No treatment facility in the country that deals with the destruction of POPs and other toxic hazardous wastes are present in the country (Bravante and Moreno, 2005). 

Data for three aspects of sustainability are gathered for a period of 8 years, fix)m 2006 to 2014, from the Ecoinvent database, social hotspot database, feasibility reports of the power plant, and other types of literature. Because both of these power plants are not currendy operating, their emissions are approximately calculated on the basis of the National Pollutant Inventory Emission estimation technique, developed in Australia. Relevant details of data quahty and data sources can be found in Table 14.5 and explained in the section Inventory Analysis. 

Adapted from U.S. EPA (20061 rounding from original. Emission values for 1990 based on EPA estimates within CAA Sec. 112(k) mandates. Emission values for 2002 based on U.S. EPA s (2002) National Emissions Inventory. Sources emitting >20 tons/year (TPY) for 1990 or 2002, ranked by 2002 emissions. Not included or not quantified. Includes sources <20 TPY. ... 

Death Valley, California, has historically been a significant source of both colemanite and ulexite, but mining in the Death Valley National Monument has been forbidden as a result of environmental concerns. In 1986, the American Borate Co. ceased mining in Death Valley, but continues to market ore concentrate from inventory as well as borates and concentrates imported from Turkey. 

Emissions and inventories are in the case of air pollution related to the assessment of the level of pollutants released from various sources. That is to say emission specification of the relevant technologies and pollutants. The determination of emission factors of different substance in WEEE road transport is often the product of national, EU and international research. 

Previous production of pentachlorophenol, as well as the bleaching process in pulp and paper mills, has been shown to be a major source. Changes in industrial processes have resulted in a reduction of PCDD/PCDFs concentration in products. Whereas in the past the chemical industry and, to a lesser extent, the pulp and paper industry were considered to be the main sources of PCDD/PCDFs (and also the cause of many of today s contaminated sites in several industrialized countries), today s dioxin input is mainly due to thermal processes. There is still a considerable focus on waste incineration but, owing to requirements for dioxin reduction in stack gases set by several national authorities, the importance of this category has declined during the last years. Examples can be seen especially in the European emission inventories... 

Uranium production does have a notable impact on ozone depletion. The Environmental Protection Agency s (EPA) Toxic Release Inventory showed that in 1999, the nation s two commercial nuclear fuel-manufacturing plants released 88% of the ozone-depleting chemical CFC-11 by industrial sources in the U.S. and 14% of the discharges in the whole world. 

One of the best ways to determine that potential is to examine the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), which by law in most jurisdictions must be provided by the manufacturer for any hazardous material used in the workplace and made available to the employees by plant management. The MSDS provides all the information necessary to determine the hazard potential and the requirements for control of any hazardous substance. Still other information can be found in the various guidelines published by the American Industrial Health Association, or by the U.S. National Safety Council, or by NIOSH (the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) or various other national, state, or provincial government bodies. (See Appendix II for information on sources.) Once you have an inventory, of course, you can start relating potential health problems to possible sources in particular areas. Also, in the process of preparing this report, you will begin to build an invaluable library that will stand you in good stead for further consideration of the problems at hand. 

IPCC. 1997. Revised IPCC Guidelines for National Inventories of Sources and Sinks of Greenhouse Gases. Workbook. Paris OECD. 

Source 2000 National Water Quality Inventory. Washington, D.C. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 2002. Available online http //www.epa.gov/ 305b/2000report/. 

Sources National Water Quality Inventory Report to Cong ress, 1992,1996, 2000. Available online at http //www.epa.gov/305b/. ... 

The IPPC Directive was brought into effect at the end of 1999. Since then, member states have gradually adopted national regulations to comply with the IPPC Directive, including a national inventory of emission data to be reported to the commission. An inventory of principal emissions and sources responsible has to be published by the commission every three years based on data supplied by the member states. 

China was one of the first proponents of the Stockholm Convention, but only recently have we started to prepare the national inventory of PCDD/Fs and PCBs, which are among POPs specified by the convention. PBDEs have been extensively used as flame retardants in various products, and recently, the environmental problems associated with these compounds have become great concern. Data about the pollution status of these pollutants were extremely scarce in China due to the lack of regulations and monitoring capacity. In this chapter, sources of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PBDEs and their levels in the environmental media in China are summarized, based mainly on available scientific literature. The challenges for management of these compounds are also discussed. 

USEPA, 2005. The inventory of sources and environmental releases of dioxin-like compounds in the United States, The Year 2000 Update, USEPA/ORD National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC 20460, March 2005. 

Transport is one of the main sources of GHG emissions. In Azerbaijan, regularly updated National Inventory is the base for estimation of possibility of activity conducting on mitigation of anthropogenic influence to climate. Full inventory was conducted for 2003 year and partly for 1990-2003 years. Trend was defined for 1990-2003. C02 emissions from fuel combustion in transport are shown in the following figure 3 and figure 4. 

A U. S. national biogenic sulfur emissions inventory with county spatial and monthly temporal scales has been developed using temperature dependent emission algorithms and available biomass, land use and climatic data. Emissions of dimethyl sulfide (DMS), carbonyl sulfide (COS), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon disulfide (CS2), and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) were estimated for natural sources which include water and soil surfaces, deciduous and coniferous leaf biomass, and agricultural crops. The best estimate of 16100 MT of sulfur per year was predicted with emission algorithms developed from emission rate data reported by Lamb et al. (1) and is a factor of 22 lower than an upper bound estimate based on data reported by Adams et al. 

Davis WE. 1972. National inventory of sources and emissions. Barium, boron, copper, selenium, and zinc 1969. Barium section. Prepared by W. E. Davis and Associates, Leawood, Kansas. Washington, DC US Environmental Protection Series, Office of Air Programs. Contract 68-02-0100. 

Tables A1.1 and A1.2 also list the major uses of each chemical and the specific industries that may discharge the chemical (classified by the United Nations (UN) industry/process code numbers, details of which are given in Appendix 2). The lists are not comprehensive, because there may be considerable variation in the uses of chemicals by individual industries in different countries and regions. However, the information given may be useful to water authorities and related agencies when preparing an inventory of potential chemical contaminants within a catchment, Some of the uses listed may be very minor, but are nevertheless included in the list because it is not clear that they can be ignored when assessing the potential for contamination from industrial sources,...

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