Regulations national

National regulations tend to be more specific than IFOAM standards or EC Reg. 2092/91 with respect to soil fertility. Bioland Germany states that rotations must include legumes, whereas Biopark Germany has set a clear 

A wide range of substances is permitted for alternative crop production. For example, LOJ, Denmark is the only certifying body reviewed so far that provides maximum concentrations of solutions of sulphur, soft soap and mineral oils. Furthermore, several substances permitted by IFOAM and EU standards are not allowed, such as pyrethrum, copper salts, chloride of lime and soda, or microbial pest controllers. Spain (CRAE 1994) stands on the other end of the spectrum with their exclusive focus on the EC Reg. 2092/91. 

Strategies to prevent contamination by pesticides are specified quite differently in national regulations. The maximum percentage of fodder brought in from other organie farms and eonventional farms must not exceed 10-50% and 5-15% i.e. for ruminants, respeetively (KRAV Soil Association AMAB, Italy 1997) in order to avoid imdesired inputs of pesticides to organic animal produce. 

Definition of maximum stocking density is one of the obligations of each national or regional controlling body put forward by IFOAM. This may range from 1.4 LU/ha to 2.0 LU in Denmark and Germany, respectively. 

Details on requirements for animal husbandry with respect to animal welfare differ widely. Bioland, Germany and the Soil Association, UK provide detailed housing and grazing requirements for various animals, whereas KRAV only specifies space requirements for hens. 

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Hazards from explosions, spills, and extreme working conditions should be considered according to national regulations. 

The gaseous emissions from the FCC unit are CO, NOj, particulates, and SOj. All are either locally or nationally regulated. Table 10-7 shows the current allowable limits of the EPA New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) for the emissions of these airborne pollutants. NSPS levels can be triggered by one of the following conditions ... 

Avoid the use of materials listed as risky by any national regulator. 

Butyl- and phenyltin compounds, particularly the trialkylated forms are very toxic to marine life. The antifouling paints, mainly tributyltin (TBT) but also triphenyltin (TPhT) caused and continue to cause substantial damage because of their slow biodegradation and their accumulation in the biota, notwithstanding a substantial reduction in application through multi-national regulation). 

With increasing dominance of multinational personal care companies, there is an additional factor now to be considered when choosing the preservative the need for the same product formulation to be sold on a global basis. Hence a large manufacturer with operations in many sites around the world may prefer to have one single formulation which can be produced at any, or all, of their worldwide factories. This means that the preservative must meet all local and national regulations. The chart below summarises the position of some of the most widely used preservatives in the three key markets of USA, Europe and Japan. 

The national regulations and guidelines regarding hydraulic fluids in air, water, and other media are summarized in Table 7-1. 

There are basically two stakeholder groups involved in the development of criteria for leather products or development of restricted substance lists. These stakeholder groups are legislators (national regulations and laws and international... 

The expense of proper disposal leads to the shipment of large amounts of e-waste to China, India, Pakistan, Nigeria, and other developing countries. Shipment is often through middlemen, and under tariff classifications that make quantities difficult to assess. There, despite the intents of national regulations and hazardous waste laws, most e-waste is treated as general refuse, or crudely processed, perhaps by burning or acid baths, to recover only a few materials of value. Harm to the environment, workers, and area residents is inevitable, often from release of dioxins, furans, and heavy metals. 

The empirical evidence presented above enables us to draw two main conclusions first, competition in pharmaceutical markets is effective between therapeutically differentiated products whereas a small number of products enjoy positions of dominance over their closest therapeutic and generic rivals and second, competition in pharmaceutical markets depends enormously on national regulations. 

The objective of mastitis treatments is to cure the infected udders from the infection, but cure is defined in very different ways. For example, in economic terms, the farmer needs to achieve a level of udder health that allows expected milk yields and quality parameters specified by processors/ national regulations to be achieved. On the other hand, cure with respect to antibiotic treatments, is often defined in terms of absence of bacterial pathogens in milk (bacterial cure), with the proportion of cows without detectable pathogen presence following treatment being defined as the bacterial cure rate (BCR). The main problem with using BCR as the main indicator of cure is that it was frequently shown to include a proportion of cows with drastically elevated SCC values (indicative of sub-clinical mastitis) after treatment, but without clinical (sensory) symptoms. 

The main advantage of the proposal is that it needs no change of the national regulations and the manufacturer continues to evaluate his material performance by a test method he knows and understands. 

There also exist many standards on safety that document the experience and define standard procedure for many recurring and similar situations. They generally conform to local and national regulations as well as to the standard practices of major engineering societies (Koivisto, 1996). Difficulties in the use of standards are e.g. their limited number and their very nature which is commonly accepted established experience. Obviously new inventions cannot immediately meet these standards. Problems also arise when undue reliance and unreasonable expectations have been created regarding safety standards. 

The facility design should meet the requirements of local national regulations and a company s policies pertaining to safety, health, and protection of the environment. 

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