Emissions estimating

Each year, EPA pubHshes a summary of air pollution emissions and air quaUty trends for the criteria pollutants (4). Table 1 contains the summary for 1989. U.S. emissions estimates for these pollutants are available back to 1940 (5). 

Table 1. Nationwide Air Pollutant Emissions Estimates for the United States in 1989 ...

National Air Pollutant Emissions Estimates 1940—1986, Pub. No. EPA-450/4-87-024, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.C., 1988. 

Comparison of these environmental compartment concentrations with the actual measurements made at a variety of locations show reasonable agreement but indicate that emission estimates are rather high. It is likely that the fault Hes with worst case estimates for losses from outdoor appHcations and the washing of PVC flooring. In addition a large proportion of the phthalates lost by these routes will not enter rivers because they will be removed by wastewater treatment plants. 

Providing quantitative estimates of NHj emissions is necessarily rather uncertain, because of the wide range of variability in the sources as well as in factors affecting the emission rate. In the case of livestock emissions, the obvious scaling parameter is the number of animals in a particular area and emissions estimates... 

In addition to short-term emission estimates, normally for hourly periods, the meteorological data include hourly wind direction, wind speed, and Pasquill stability class. Although of secondary importance, the hourly data also include temperature (only important if buoyant plume rise needs to be calculated from any sources) and mixing height. 

Within 6 months after enactment of the Qean Air Act Amendments of 1990, and at least every 3 years thereafter, the Administrator shall review and, if necessary, revise, the methods ( emission factors ) used for purposes of this Act to estimate the quantity of emissions of carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, and oxides of nitrogen from sources of such air pollutants (including area sources and mobile sources). In addition, the Administrator shall permit any person to demonstrate improved emissions estimating techniques, and following approval of such techniques, the Administrator shall authorise the use of such techniques. Any such technique may be approved only after appropriate public participation. Until the Administrator has completed the revision required by this section, nothing in this section shall be construed to affect the validity of emission factors established by the Administrator before the date of the enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. 

TANKS This program estimates volatile organic compound (VOC) and hazardous air pollutant (HAP) emissions from fixed- and floating-roof storage tanks. TANKS is based on the emission estimation procedures from... 

Chatterjee, A. Wliolley, T. Guensler, R. Haiagen, D. Margiotta, R. Miller, T. Philpot, J. and Stopher, P. (1997). Improving Transportation Data for Mobile Source Emissions Estimates (NCHRP Report 394). Washington, DC National Research Council, Transportation Research Board. 

Relatively few countries report annual lead emission estimates. Of those that have, declining trends In lead emissions have occurred, such as In the US where total lead emissions have been reduced by 75% (26). 

Acid regeneration plants have storage tanks for spent and regenerated acid and these tanks are potential sources of HC1 emissions. Emission estimates for uncontrolled and controlled storage tanks at acid regeneration facilities are 0.0126 and 0.008 tpy per 1000 gallons of storage capacity, respectively. 

Annual Emission Estimates from Steel Pickling Operations... 

Figure 7.4. N( >. emissions estimation around Paris for year 2000 (source AIRPARIF Actualite number 24).

In total, emission estimates and dispersion, population, and exposure/dosage computations were made for 51,734 cases. 

This type of emission estimates can be included in LCAs to make them more complete. 

Without the benefit of the data base improvement programs, 27 million dollars in Industrial controls would likely have been the key element in a new control strategy yet would have only provided one-third of the reduction required to meet standards. Instead, a more effective mix of point and area source controls will likely be adopted and, at considerably less cost to (and with considerably more effectiveness for) the community. Once the capability is developed, CMB estimates of source Impacts can be used to track the progress of the strategy on a source-class basis using actual air samples, (in addition to emission estimates) to measure the effectiveness of the controls. Oregon s Source Apportionment Program and the Future... 

Nordsieck, R.A., "Air Quality Impacts of Electric Cars in Los Angeles, Appendix A, Pollutant Emissions Estimates and Projections for the South Coast Air Basin " document RM-1905-A General Research Corporation Santa Barbara, California, 1974. 

More recently Cass, Boone and Macias constructed a very detailed carbon inventory for Metropolitan Los Angeles in order to estimate the amount of primary elemental and organic carbon in this urban area ( ). Over 50 source types were included in this emission Inventory. A particulate lead emission inventory was also constructed and used as a tracer for primary automotive exhaust. They compared the ratio of organic carbon to elemental carbon and lead from the emission estimates to that measured in the atmosphere during winter mornings. In that study the sampling time and location were chosen in order to measure... 

TABLE 2.1 Global Emission Estimates for CO, NOx, CH4, and VOC from Both Anthropogenic and Natural Sources (in Tg/yr)u... 

Simmonds, P. G., D. M. Cunnold, R. F. Weiss, R. G. Prinn, P. J. Fraser, A. McCulloch, F. N. Alyea, and S. O Doherty, Global Trends and Emission Estimates of CCI4 from in Situ Background... 

Bouwman, A. F., and J. A. Taylor, Testing High-Resolution Nitrous Oxide Emission Estimates against Observations Using an Atmospheric Transport Model, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 10, 307-318 (1996). 

Obviously, uncertainties are inherent to measurements of atmospheric POPs and emission estimates. Furthermore, the coverage of monitoring stations may not encompass all different European environments [78, 79]. Nevertheless, the published data gives an appraisal of the atmospheric POP concentrations over the European continent. As an example, the year-round trend of PCB concentration and... 

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