National monuments

Death Valley, California, has historically been a significant source of both colemanite and ulexite, but mining in the Death Valley National Monument has been forbidden as a result of environmental concerns. In 1986, the American Borate Co. ceased mining in Death Valley, but continues to market ore concentrate from inventory as well as borates and concentrates imported from Turkey. 

Franson, J.C., PS. Koehl, D.V. Derksen, T.C. Rothe, C.M. Bunck, and J.F. Moore. 1995. Heavy metals in seaducks and mussels from Misty Fjords National Monument in southeast Alaska. Environ. Monitor. Assess. 36 149-167. 

Hasiotis S. T. and Dubiel D. L. (1995) Termite (Insecta, Isoptera) nest ichnofossils from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation, Petrified Forest national Monument, Arizona. Ichnos 4, 111-130. 

Figure 3. Location map of Oregon Caves National Monument. The cross-hatched areas indicate maximum extent of Pleistocene glaciers and continental ice sheets.

Moving air can only transport sand and dust, and does not erode solid rock very effectively. Its characteristic landforms, sand dunes, occur in many sizes and shapes. Most have a gentle slope on the windward side, where sand is being eroded away, and a steeper leeward side, where sand is deposited. Movement of sand from one side to the other may result in the migration of the sand dnne in the direction the wind is blowing. As with water, transport capability varies with velocity, so sand dunes often develop where the wind slows down. This is the case at Great Sand Dunes National Monument, Colorado, and Death Valley National Park, California, where spectacular, but localized, dune fields occur. 

Sometimes sets of fractures develop where the surface of the earth is stretched. Such fractures have no displacement along them, and are called joints. Weathering, particularly in arid regions, may exploit these joints, leaving a series of vertical slabs of rock. Continued weathering of these slabs can result in the formation of arches, such as those at Arches National Monument, in Utah. 

Fig. 2. The Nercmar drillcore, at the Unconformity National Monument. (For locality, see Fig. 1.) Drillcore log is projected up to surface outcrop. Numbers on drillcore are down-hole metre depth. Numbers along core are surface projection in metres, set at zero on the top of the Manjeri Fm Background geological map is from Martin (1978), with north corrected.

Stable isotope results are shown in Table 2 and Figures 4 and 5 and as a profile through the Nercmar core in the Manjeri Formation at the Unconformity National Monument outcrop (Fig. 6). 

Disruption of basic infrastructure or society for example, initiating a computer vims attack, blowing up key electrical substations or factories, attacking government officials and offices, and attacking key cultural icons such as sporting events, tourist destinations, and national monuments. 

The second factor to be considered is the target attractiveness. Terrorists tend to consider national monuments, major cultural, political, and sporting events, and the financial sector to be particularly attractive, as an attack on such a target is viewed as an attack on their enemy s entire way of life. Likewise, key infrastructure components such as key bridges, tunnels, highways, and railways are more attractive. Finally, the public s fear of chemical and petroleum facilities may make these more attractive targets, more so if materials in the facility have potential off-site consequences if released. 

Jamison, W.R. and Steams, D.W. 1982. Tectonic deformation of Wingate Sandstone, Colorado National Monument. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull., 66 2584-2608. 

McKee, E.D. (1966) Structures of dunes at White Sands National Monument, New Mexico. Sedimentology 7, 1-69. 

Hill, C.A. Eller, P.G. (1977) Soda niter in earth cracks of Wupatki National Monument. National Speleological Society Bulletin 39, 113-116. 

In the southwest corner of Colorado at the edge of the high desert, Durango is conveniently located near a myriad desert recreation opportunities. Four Corners National Monument, Mesa Verde National Park, the Anasazi cliff dwellings and Navajo Country are all nearby. Although Durango lies in the desert, the Rockies are not far. Some of Colorado s most remote and desirable ski resorts, such as Purgatory and Telluride, are within a two hour drive. 

Situated along a lonely stretch of 1-90, Billings is the largest city in Montana. About 50 miles south of Billings, sightseers and historians will want to visit the Little Big Horn National Monument, the site of General Custer s defeat at the hands of the Sioux Indians. 

Although Missoula s population is well under the 100,000 mark, it ranks as one of the largest and most interesting locales in Montana. Home of the University of Montana, Missoula is the most liberal town in the state. It s also at the halfway point for folks traveling from Yellowstone National Park to Glacier National Monument -two of the nation s most scenic parks. 

I From Christiansted on St. Croix, head to Buck Island Reef National Monument, the only underwater national park in the United States. Blaze the snorkel trail, where submersed markers detail the reef s fish and coral. 

Effects of Acid Rain on Deterioration of Coquina at Castillo de San Marcos National Monument... 

Synthetic acid rain samples have been allowed to percolate through pieces of coquina, the material of construction at Castillo de San Marcos National Monument, St. Augustine, Florida. Chemical analyses of the solutions are used to determine the extent of dissolution of the coqiuna, a limestone material, by acid rain. Because of the location of the Castillo on the Atlantic coast, the effect of salt spray on weathering of coquina appears to be as significant as the influence of acid rainfall. 

The authors are grateful for the cooperation of National Park Service officials at Castillo de San Marcos National Monument, financial support of the Graduate School at Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville is gratefully acknowledged. 

ScHOEWE, W.H., Horr, W.H., Burt, C.E. Wooster, L.D. (1937) Symposium on the geology, flora and fauna of Rock City , a proposed national monument in Ottawa County, Kansas. Kansas Acad. Sci. Trans., 40, 179-201. 

National Park Service. Statue of Liberty National Monument, Available online. URL http //www.nps.gov/stli/historyculture/ index.htm. 

The inverse modeling calculations followed Garrels and Mackenzie (1967). Here, we show the example calculation for the well Navajo National Monument. Unlike Garrels and Mackenzie, who most likely used back of the envelope calculations, we used the Excel spreadsheet. Our calculation procedures, however, almost exactly followed Garrels and Mackenzie (1967). 

Table 9.2. Output from netpath calculations for well Navajo National Monument water.

Table 9.4. Models from phreeqc calculations for well Navajo National Monument water. Units are millimoles per liter. Results from the hand/spreadsheet calculation are listed for comparison.

This example follows 9.3, where we used spreadsheet and netpath calculations to deduce the mass transfer reactions along the evolutionary path from snow melt to water in the saturated zone of recharge area, specifically in the Navajo National Monument well. Now, we want to calculate the travel time from Navajo National Monument to well... 

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