Security, national

As stated previously, traceability is fundamental to establishing and eliminating the root cause of nonconforming product and therefore it should be mandatory in view of the requirements for Corrective Action. Providing traceability can be an onerous task. Some applications require products to be traced back to the original ingot from which they were produced. In situations of safety or national security it is necessary to identify product in such a manner because if a product is used in a critical application and subsequently found defective, it may be necessary to track down all other products of the same batch and eliminate them before there is a disaster. It happens in product recall situations. It is also very important in the automobile and food industries in fact, any industry where human life may be at risk due to a defective product being in circulation. 

The remaining actinide elements were prepared by various bombardment techniques fairly regularly over the next 25 years (Table 31.1) though, for reasons of national security, publication of the results was sometimes delayed. The dominant figure in this field has been G. T. Seaborg, of the University of California, Berkeley, in early recognition of which, he and E. M. McMillan were awarded the 1951 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. 

At first PNL focused on nuclear technology and the environmental and health effects of radiation, but through the years expanded its mission to cover nearly every field of basic science to solve problems in the areas of environment, energy, and national security. Environmental issues and cleanup still encompass two-thirds of PNL work in the 1990s, but PNL has strengthened its role in regional electric power issues as well. 

Eriction and wear is even more important for national security. Downtime of militaiy hardware as parts wear out and lower output power of militaiy engines due to high friction can contribute to decreased effectiveness of the militaiy and increases... 

FIGURE 6.1 The United States is becoming ever more dependent on foreign sources of oil and minerals. The top graph displays trends in U.S. production and consumption of petroleum feedstocks from 1970 to 2000. It shows the growing contribution of imported oil to U.S. consumption, a contribution that is projected to increase rapidly in the 1990s. The bottom table shows that the United States depended in 1985 on foreign suppliers for 20 minerals and metals, some of which are critical to national security. Courtesy, Chevron Oil Company (top) and the U.S. Bureau of Mines (bottom). 

RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES ARE IN THE MIDST OF MAJOR CHANGE. Historically, the research universities have been supported by the Government with two theories in mind (1) national security is important, and science and technology are critical to a strong defense and (2) human health is important. The interest in human health persists, an interest in national security persists, but the adversary has given up. The Soviet Union no longer exists. The question now is, What is the rationale for the support of universities—support in the post-Cold War era The Department of Defense, which has nurtured an important set of activities, has a role in electronics and devices, structural materials, and high-performance or advanced-performance materials. 

Academic institutions have been included, and in many instances, there have been commercial consequences, although that has not been the mission of the Department of Defense. The Department of Defense mission is defense and national security, not the development of compact disk players. But in fact, for example, in electronics and devices, fundamental materials research was sponsored by the Department of Defense. Various organizations and activities in parallel in industry (at Lincoln Laboratory, IBM, and General Electric) led to the development of the semiconductor laser in the early 1960s. 

Thomas Blejwas, Sandia National Laboratories The Emerging Nuclear Future and National Security ... 

We all share a national security interest in working with Russia to assure that material removed from nuclear warheads is removed from weapons applications. Of course, there is no simple blending operation that will convert weapons plutonium into material that cannot be used for weapons without major effort... 

Copies of that letter and replies from Ambassador Chandra and the US National Security Council can be obtained from the author. 

Global nuclear material management, started at Sandia National Laboratories as a visionary concept for tying the national security benefits of materials back to proliferation prevention, arms control and civilian nuclear power. Under the leadership of Senator... 

Obviously, the book Trance-Formation gives full details of the rescue and how by selling his possessions and constantly moving, he managed to stay ahead of those who he suspected wished him and Cathy dead. While both have attempted legal action in Tennessee to redress these injuries and to get her daughter Kelly, out of a mental institution in Tennessee, they have been stonewalled in fact the justification of national security has been used as a brick wall to separate mother and daughter. 

Practical needs for analysis come from the activities of industrial enterprises and government functions that span manufacturing, shipping, communications, domestic power, water supplies, waste disposal, forensic analysis, environmental policies, international verification of quality and quantity (metrology), and far from least of all, national security. The need for measurements of chemicals is ubiquitous—measurements of the mass and dimensions of chemical substances and of their capacity to adsorb heat, to absorb or reflect light, and to respond to pressure and temperature. Many measurements also must be made under varying constraints of speed, cost, and location of the measurement. 

In practical terms, detecting and measuring are critical to all aspects of human activity—to manufacturing, to our environment, to health and medicine, to agriculture, and to national security. Thus it is essential that chemical scientists continue to improve the tools and methods needed for this central scientific activity. 

As part of the overall project on Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century, a workshop on National Security and Homeland Defense has led to a separate report Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century National Security Homeland Defense, National Research Council, National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2002. The reader is urged to consult that report for further information. 

Among the many areas of research that can contribute to our national security, several stand out from the rest as central to the chemical sciences—materi-... 

Simons An electrochemical method for fluorinating organic compounds. First developed by J. H. Simons at Pennsylvania State College in 1941 but not announced until 1948 for reasons of national security. A direct current is passed through a solution of an organic compound in anhydrous hydrofluoric acid hydrogen is evolved at the cathode and the organic material is fluorinated at the anode. 

Keywords Agriculture Climate change Financial crisis National security Agroforestry Allelopathy Aquaculture Beneficial microorganisms and insects... 

Combating Terrorism Issues in Managing Counterterrorist Programs Statement of Norman. Rabkin, Director National Security Preparedness Issues, National Security and International Affairs Division. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Accounting Office (T-NSIAD-00-145, April 6) 2000. 

With the spread of information and the desperation for hard currency of some of the state sponsors of terrorism, as well as the changing national security environment, it is possible that terrorists may build or acquire CBRN in the future. 

Bolton s opinion was bolstered in June 2005 by Senator Richard Lu-gar s survey of 85 non-proliferation and national security analysts from the United States and other nations. It was designed in part to characterize the risks related to the terrorist use of CBRN. The survey revealed that experts believe the probability of an attack somewhere in the world with a CBRN weapon was 50% over the next five years and 70% over the next ten. An attack with a radiological weapon was seen as the most probable with the likelihood of an attack with a nuclear or biological weapon considered about half as plausible [37]. The average probability of a nuclear attack in the next ten years was nearly 30%, with experts almost evenly divided between terrorist acquisitions of a working nuclear weapon versus self-construction [37]. The average risk estimate over ten years for major chemical and biological attacks was 20%. Senator Lu-gar concluded The bottom line is this for the foreseeable future, the United States and other nations will face an existential threat from the intersection of terrorism and weapons of mass destruction. ... 

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