Self-construction

Fig. 2.33. Self-constructed magnetic-prism spectrometer for a TEM/STEM (a) schematic diagram of set-up (b) photograph of the system with the prism opened.

The self-constructed Laserphoto Sedimentometer and the measuring procedures to obtain the transmission-height profiles and the characterizing parameters for the turbidity and the hindered sedimentation behaviour of the flocculated suspension are described in earlier publications (10,1). Thus only a summary of these parameters is given here ... 

Bolton s opinion was bolstered in June 2005 by Senator Richard Lu-gar s survey of 85 non-proliferation and national security analysts from the United States and other nations. It was designed in part to characterize the risks related to the terrorist use of CBRN. The survey revealed that experts believe the probability of an attack somewhere in the world with a CBRN weapon was 50% over the next five years and 70% over the next ten. An attack with a radiological weapon was seen as the most probable with the likelihood of an attack with a nuclear or biological weapon considered about half as plausible [37]. The average probability of a nuclear attack in the next ten years was nearly 30%, with experts almost evenly divided between terrorist acquisitions of a working nuclear weapon versus self-construction [37]. The average risk estimate over ten years for major chemical and biological attacks was 20%. Senator Lu-gar concluded The bottom line is this for the foreseeable future, the United States and other nations will face an existential threat from the intersection of terrorism and weapons of mass destruction. ... 

Figure 3 (A) Robot system for lipofection screening (A) Worktable with racks for microplates, buffer reservoirs, plastic, and glass vials. (B) Four tip liquid handling arm. (C) Gripper for transport of microplates and glass test tubes. (D) High power water bath sonicator. ( ) Nitrogen evaporator. (F) Microplate washer. (G) Absorbance reader. (H) Luminescence reader. (/) Transparent hood. (/) CO2 incubator with pneumatic door (from the rear, front view in B). (B) Self-constructed robotic conveyor for the transport of cell culture plates from the incubator to the worktable.

Fig. 2.14 Supramolecular self-construction of dendrimers (schematic according to Hirsch et at.)...

Living beings are teleonomic machines, self-constructing machines and self-reproducing machines. There are, in other words, three fundamental characteristics common to all living beings teleonomy, autonomous morphogenesis and invariant reproduction. 

Anaesthetized rats are fixed in supine position on a temperature-controlled (37 °C) heating-table. Following catheterization of a carotid artery (for measurement of blood pressure) and a jugular vein, the test compound is administered. After a defined latency period, the tail of the rat is transected with a razor-blade mounted on a self-constructed device at a distance of 4 mm from the tip of the tail. Immediately after transection, the tail is immersed into a bath filled with isotonic saline solution (37 °C). 

Lin and co-workers [177] have studied self-constructing arrays of individual Fe-l,2,4-benzenetricarboxyhc acid (Fe-tmla) complexes on a Cu(lll) substrate, produced by OMBE deposition of precursor tmla adlayers and iron atoms in ultrahigh vacuum. These selfconstructed metal-organic arrays (of four tmla molecules per one Fe atom) form large homochiral monolayers (i.e. both S and R chirality are found) extending laterally up to 200 nm. 

ESR spectra wo e recorded with the cw q>ectrometer ERS 300 in X-band (Zentrum fiir Wissensch lichen Geratebau Berlin). For in situ - measurements, i. e., investigation of the catalyst under reaction conditions in the cavity of the spectrometer, a self-constructed ESR -flow reactor equipped with a bifilar heating winding of Pt wire and connected to a gas/liquid supplying system was used [11]. In each run 400 mg catalyst particles (0.5 - 1 mm) were treat with a gas flow of980 ml h (molar ratio aromatic hydrocarbon air NH3 H2O = 1 31 4.5 24.3) at atmospheric pressure. 

Hydraulic parameters like kf values and the colmatation layer thickness were derived from measurements, a digitized map of the alluvial soil thickness and geostatistic calculations. The classified parameters were assigned to each grid point of the geometric ditch model. From this information, a specific data model was developed and connected with an imcomplex self constructed model based on the Darcy equation to calculate the exfiltration rates (Fig. 8.9). 

Sampson (1988) described the distinction between the ensembled or relational sel more common in collectivistic cultures such as those found in China, Africa, and Latin America—and the autonomous self, which is more common in individualistic cultures, such as those found in North America and Western Europe. Autonomous or self-contained views of the person construct the boundary between the self and others as firm, consider control over behavior and experience to reside solely in the person, and typically define self and nonself as mutually exclusive (Sampson, 1988). In contrast, ensembled views of the self construct the boundaries between self and nonself as more fluid, and even as overlapping, and consider that power and control over one s behavior does not fully reside in the individual but rather in the relationship of the individual and his or her environment (which includes important others). 

Ford, M. E., Ford, D. H. (Eds.). (1987). Humans as self-constructing living systems Putting the framework to work. Hillsdale, NJ LawreiKe Erlbaum Associates. 

Chia-Feng J, Chin-Teng L (1998) An online self-constructing neural fuzzy inference network and its applications. IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst 6(1) 12-32... 

Caversaccio, M. et al. "Impact of a self-developed planning and self-constructed navigation system on skull base surgery 10 years experience." Acta Oto-laryngologica 127.4 (2007) pp. 403-407. 

Self-constructed high temperature solubility bomb with sampler ensuring the sampling at Che operating temperature. The time of equilibration is not specified. Phosphate determinations were made by a colorimetric method using amlnonaphthol-sulfonlc acid (1). Hydroxide was determined by titration... 

Various saturated solutions of Na3PO were made up. NaOH was added to some, Na2HPO to others. The solutions were rotated in a self-constructed apparatus at 25°C. The amount of solid phase was kept to a minimum. The analyses were done acidimetrically (1). 

A standard-type constant temperature bath fitted with automatic controls. Water with ethylene glycol at 0 C, water at 25-60°C and white mineral oil at 80 and 100°C were used as the bath. Self-constructed apparatus for agitation. Analyses phosphorus was determined according to (1) except for highly alkaline solutions in which the content of P2 5 0.8% or less... 

The usual techniques (1) were used at 0 and 25°C. At 75°C a self-constructed apparatus was used for equilibration and for sampling. 

Isothermal method, self-constructed apparatus and sampling device. 

Nakamura R, Kai F, Okamoto A, Newton GJ, Hashimoto K. Self-constructed electrically conductive hacterial networks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009 48 508-511. 

Jack, brake, lock, press, spring, wedge, rock and concrete breaker, self-construction and operation, connector, clip, clamp Heat engine, chemical engine, toy... 

Although self-assembly and self-construction are spontaneous by definition, the amoimt of human input that goes into them is usually enormous, and takes the form of instructions that are built into the structures of the starting modules and into the reaction conditions. These then determine the course of the reactions and the structure of the final product. 

If we do not like this, a way out is to require self-assembled species to hold together by weak bonds only, and to use a term such as self-construction for the cases of "covalent self-assembly", as proposed in the introduction (section 1.1.2). This would cause the defmition of self-assembly to narrow down to what most chemists, when first asked, would call self-assembly. 

Prof. Eschenmoser defended his position by pointing out that these reactions are in fact quite distinct from the normal synthetic processes, in which each step requires a very specific instruction. He felt that perluq>s it will be best to keep the terms covalent and non-covalent self-assembly. I agree that it is useful to distinguish the two cases, but it seems to me more efficient to use the terms self-assembly and self-construction. 

---