National Security and Military

Statutory and Regulatory Definitions. The earliest statutory definitions of transuranic waste were contained in AEA (1954), the National Security and Military Applications of Nuclear Energy Authorization Act (NSMA, 1980), and the Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Act (LLRWPA, 1980). All of these laws defined transuranic waste in terms of concentrations of long-lived, alpha-emitting... 

Requirements for Disposal. The National Security and Military Applications of Nuclear Energy Authorization Act (NSMA, 1980) established the current DOE program for disposal of defense transuranic waste at the WIPP facility in New Mexico. The Act specifically authorized test emplacements of waste for purposes of research and development. WIPPLWA (1992) then authorized permanent disposal of defense transuranic waste at this facility. The Act specifies that the WIPP facility may not be used for disposal of high-level waste, commercial transuranic waste, or any DOE non-defense transuranic... 

Public Law 98-525 (10/19/84), Department of Defense Authorization Act, 1985 also called Department of Energy National Security and Military Applications of Nuclear Energy Authorization Act of 1985 . 

To the contrary, there is significant likelihood that public funding of science will be reduced, since politicians will no longer see it as vital to national security. Since we all obviously believe that science has more to offer to the benefit of society now than it ever did in the past, we need to persuade the policy makers that peaceful international competition in non-military arenas, such as those listed earlier by Prof. Whitesides (manufacturing, information, environment), is at least as beneficial as providing national security by military means was in the past. Judging by mankind s past record, we only have a limited period of essentially effortless military security without major threats on the horizon, but one can hope that this period will be long on the scale of human lifespan, and science needs to adjust to the political conditions that will prevail in this period. 

Annual Rpt S P, 1938, p. 1. (2) Otto L. Nelson, National Security and the General Staff (Washington The Infantry Journal Press, 1946), pp. 303-04. (3) Watson, The Chief of Staff Prewar Plans and Preparations, pp. 26-31. (4) Kriedberg and Henry, History of Military MMlization in the United States Army, 1775—1945, chs. XIV and XV. 

Military munitions. Military munitions are all ammunition products and components produced for or used by the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) or U.S. Armed Services for national defense and security. Unused or defective munitions are solid wastes when abandoned (i.e., disposed of, burned, incinerated) or treated prior to disposal rendered nonrecyclable or nonuseable through deterioration or declared a waste by an authorized military official. Used (i.e., fired or detonated) munitions may also be solid wastes if collected for storage, recycling, treatment, or disposal. 

Threats of Concern Terrorist acts can be the most problematic to defend against since they may be more extreme or malevolent than other crimes focused on monetary gains or outcomes with less malicious intent. Plus terrorists may use military tactics not often provided for in base chemical facility design. Chemical facility security must be considered in context with local and national homeland security and law enforcement activities, as well as with emergency response capabilities. There is a practical limit to the ability of a chemical site to prevent or mitigate a terrorist act. Above a certain level of threat, the facility needs to rely on law enforcement and military services to provide physical security against extreme acts of intentional harm. The security posture must be risk-based, and so extremely robust security measures are not always applicable or necessary. 

The rich deposits of natural resources are important to China s economic development. Therefore, an effective integration of these factors is of the utmost necessity for the development of her national economy. How else can China think of achieving her goal of "The Four Modernizations" Science and Technology, Industry, Agriculture and Military Security ... 

This research was sponsored by the Deputy Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Chemical and Biological Defense and was carried out jointly by RAND s Center for Military Health Policy Research and the Acquisition and Technology Policy Center of the National Defense Research Institute. The latter is a federally funded research and development center sponsored by OSD, the Joint Staff, the unified commands, and the defense agencies in the fulfillment of national security objectives involving the development and acquisition of drugs and biologies, mostly vaccines, for CBW defense. 

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