Practical needs

The reactor itself, in which the unit processes to produce the intermediates and dyes are carried out, is usually the focal point of the plant, but this does not mean that it is the most important part of the total manufacture, nor that it absorbs most of the capital or operational costs. Operations subsequent to reaction are often referred to as work-up stages. These vary from product to product with intermediates (used without drying wherever practicable) needing less finishing operations than colorants. 

Release of a pressurized, hquefied gas to the atmosphere will cause the gas to cool and condense water vapor in ambient air, forming a visible vapor cloud. Firefighters and operators who attempt to move such a cloud away from furnaces and the hke with fire hoses and water jet guns are at risk, because of the possibility of a UVCE near them. Plants and governmental agencies who recommend such practices need to reexamine their pohcies. 

The practical needs of military and aerospace systems tended to focus interest on human-machine interfaces (e.g., aircraft cockpits), with particular emphasis on information displays and the design of controls to minimize error. The predominant model of the human prevalent at that time (called behaviorism) concentrated exclusively on the inputs and outputs to an individual and ignored any consideration of thinking processes, volition, and other... 

Schuyler, J. (1999). Probabilistic Reserves Definitions, Practices Need Further Refinement. Oil and Gas Journal, May 31. 

Many reports on the hydrolysis of Pu(IV) and polymerization (aggregation) of the primary hydrolysis products exist in one form or another. The validity of some of the earlier data may be subject to question because the experimental conditions were not properly controlled. Therefore, these systems deserve further consideration for the sake of refinements. Nevertheless, the major area of interest for the future will remain with interactions between Pu(IV) hydrolysis products and other reactive species present in the solution. There is not only considerable promise of elucidating novel chemical interactions, but there is also a great practical need to fully understand the extent of these interactions in order to ensure the most complete control of plutonium in reprocessing operations. 

Sulfonylurea herbicides are generally applied to crops as an early post-emergent herbicide. Crops that are tolerant to these herbicides quickly metabolize them to innocuous compounds. At maturity, residues of the parent compound in food and feed commodities are nondetectable. Metabolites are not considered to be of concern, and their levels are usually nondetectable also. For this reason, the residue definition only includes the parent compound. Tolerances [or maximum residue limits (MRLs)] are based on the LOQ of the method submitted for enforcement purposes and usually range from 0.01 to 0.05 mg kg (ppm) for food items and up to O.lmgkg" for feed items. There is no practical need for residue methods for animal tissues or animal-derived products such as milk, meat, and eggs. Sulfonylurea herbicides are not found in animal feed items, as mentioned above. Furthermore, sulfonylurea herbicides intentionally dosed to rats and goats are mostly excreted in the urine and feces, and the traces that are absorbed are rapidly metabolized to nontoxic compounds. For this reason, no descriptions of methods for animal-derived matrices are given here. 

Practical needs for analysis come from the activities of industrial enterprises and government functions that span manufacturing, shipping, communications, domestic power, water supplies, waste disposal, forensic analysis, environmental policies, international verification of quality and quantity (metrology), and far from least of all, national security. The need for measurements of chemicals is ubiquitous—measurements of the mass and dimensions of chemical substances and of their capacity to adsorb heat, to absorb or reflect light, and to respond to pressure and temperature. Many measurements also must be made under varying constraints of speed, cost, and location of the measurement. 

At present conducting EcoRA is rather an exclusion in EIA practice. The reason is a dramatic discrepancy between the practical needs of project appraisal and features of formal EcoRA methodology. 

If we try to refine the adequacy between the measurement procedures and the practical needs for wastewater quality monitoring, different metrological (analytical) characteristics have to be considered, such as detection limit, reliability and robustness (Table 3). Even if it is very difficult to compare the analytical methods carried out in the laboratory with on-site measurements (with on-line or tests kits), this presentation points out the main features of the measurement required for different needs. These characteristics define the quality of the available information [3], which constitutes one of the major problems that... 

The court declared that the commerce clause of the Constitution (allowing Congress to regulate interstate commerce) did apply to Puerto Rico as a U.S. territory. It also disposed of the due process and equal protection arguments, citing the rational and practical need for lawmakers to make assumptions based on a person s prior conviction for a crime. 

The real-photon method is essentially more direct and easier compared to the dipole-simulation method in obtaining absolute values of photoabsorption cross sections (o ), photoionization cross sections and photoionization quantum yields (t],). In the real-photon method, however, there is a practical need to use the big and dedicated facilities of synchrotron radiation where, in many cases, one should change the beam lines equipped with different types of monochromators depending on used photon-wavelengths—and to develop some specific new experimental techniques in the range from the vacuum ultraviolet radiation to soft X-ray. 

An alternative treatment of the correction of order Z a) Za) m/M)m was given in [4]. The idea of this work was to modify the standard definition of the proton charge radius, and include the first order quantum electrodynamic radiative correction into the proton radius determined by the strong interactions. Prom the practical point of view for the nS levels in hydrogen the recipe of [4] reduces to elimination of the constant 11/72 in (5.6) and omission of the Pauli correction in (5.7). Numerically such a modification reduces the contribution to the lA energy level in hydrogen by 0.14 kHz in comparison with the naive result in (5.6), and increases it by 0.03 kHz in comparison with the result in (5.8). Hence, for all practical needs at the current level of experimental precision there are no contradictions between our result above in (5.8), and the result in [4]. 

Due to similarity between the muon and hadron polarizations, such a correction generated by the diagram in Fig. 7.14 should be of the same order as the respective correction with the muon loop in (7.50) and thus is too small for any practical needs. It may be easily calculated. 

Nevertheless, as noted by Lewis and Randall, certain post-Gibbsian addenda appeared, which will be discussed in the present section. Some of these innovations, such as activity and fugacity (Section 5.8.1), were designed primarily to satisfy practical needs of representing experimental thermochemical data, with no deeper claims on the underlying structure of the theory. In contrast, the developments initiated by Nemst s heat theorem, culminating in what became widely known as the third law of thermodynamics, appear to call into question the structural completeness of the Gibbsian formalism. These developments will be critically discussed in Section 5.8.2. 

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