Multinationals

Frank Jahn has worked as a Petroleum Geologist mainly in Brunei, Thailand, the Netherlands and the UK. He has designed and taught multi-disciplinary training courses related to oil and gas field exploration and development worldwide. After 11 years with a multinational company he became co-founder of TRACS International in 1992 where he is a Director. 

Mark Cook is a Reservoir Engineer and Petroleum Economist. He has worked on international assignments mainly in Tanzania, Oman, the Netherlands and the UK. His main focus is in economic evaluation of field development projects, risk analysis, reservoir management and simulation. After 11 years with a multinational company he co-founded TRACS International of which he is Technical Director. 

The polyurethane industry is dominated by the multinational isocyanate producers. Several of the principal isocyanate producers, including BASF, Bayer, Dow, ICI, and Olin, also manufacture polyols, the other significant building block for polyurethanes. Annual production capacities of the global aromatic isocyanate producers are Hsted in Table 11. Polyols, mainly used for flexible foam production, account for 65 wt % in a flexible foam formulation, 35% in rigid polyurethane foams, and even less in PUIR foams. 

There are hundreds of primary battery manufacturers, most of which are limited to a specialty product or a limited national market. However, a number of multinational battery suppHers have manufacturing faciUties in many countries and a broad line of products. Table 4 Hsts the companies having sales of primary batteries of greater than 100 million per annum together with the regions of their headquarters and their product lines. 

Western Europe has seven manufacturers of activated carbon. The two largest, Norit and Chemviron (a subsidiary of Calgon), account for 70% of West European production capacity, and Ceca accounts for 13% (42). Japan is the third largest producer of activated carbon, having 18 manufacturers, but four companies share over 50% of the total Japanese capacity (43). Six Pacific Rim countries account for the balance of the world production capacity of activated carbon, 90% of which is in the Philippines and Sri Lanka (42). As is the case with other businesses, regional markets for activated carbon products have become international, lea ding to consoHdation of manufacturers. Calgon, Norit, Ceca, and Sutcliffe-Speakman are examples of multinational companies. 

The shrinkage in demand has resulted in a restmcturing of the carbon black-industry. Several of the principal multinational oil companies have left the business including Ashland, Cities Service Co., Phillips, and Conoco. Some plants have changed ownership. In the United States this has increased the production capacities of Degussa, Sid Richardson, and Huber. Today s U.S. industry consists of six principal producers. Rated capacities of the six U.S. manufacturers is shown in Table 13. Cabot Corp. and Columbian Chemicals are the leading producers, followed by Degussa, Sid Richardson, J. M. Huber Corp., and Witco. A survey of the future markets and present stmcture of the carbon black industry has been presented (1). 

Based on brand name products, the total number of branded substitute and imitation dairy products worldwide is estimated to exceed 1000. Almost all multinational food companies market one or more dairy substitutes. 

Although the steps outlined above would in theory be capable of generating a quantitative database, it seems unrealistic to expect the degree of cooperation that would be required across the industry to develop such a resource. A more likely possibility is that large multinationals will support the development of in-house databases, possibly using the same approach as advocated here. 

Celecoxib, which has a low selectivity for COX-2 compared to COX-1, is still available, although its more selective successor, valdecoxib has been withdrawn. Etoricoxib, the successor to rofecoxib, is marketed in Europe but not in the USA. In a large multinational clinical trial, etoricoxib caused no more thromboembolic events than diclofenac, but after 18 months the incidence of gastrointestinal ulcers and bleeding was the same for both drugs [4]. 

Cannon CP, Curtis SP, FitzGerald GA et al (2006) Cardiovascular outcomes with etoricoxib and diclofenac in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis in the Multinational Etoricoxib and Diclofenac Arthritis Long-term (MEDAL) programme a randomised comparison. Lancet 368 1771-1781... 

The Antiemetic Subcommittee of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer (2006) Prevention of chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-induced emesis results of the Perugia International Antiemetic Consensus Conference. Ann Oncol 17 20-28... 

So, what do the mentors of IMMS look like The mentors are either from the same or a more senior organizational rank, and are likely to be from within the organization but could on some occasions also be recruited from outside. This decision entirely depends on the size of the organization as well as on the availability of suitable mentors. Either way, an important selection criterion for mentors is that they possess a lot of experience with multinational enterprise. Although it should go without saying, it is also crucial to select individuals who are indeed capable... 

The success of this approach is illustrated by the multiple industry benchmarks it has established, but none more clearly than its use on a large multinational evaluation involving 1500 patients for a drug for Alzheimer disease. Measured against starting project goals, the system was central to the ability to complete the project 1.6 years ahead of the 5-year schedule and 32 million under budget [9]. 

TABLE 96-3. Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCQ Risk Index for Identifying Low-Risk Patients with Febrile Neutropenia7... 

It is clear that patients with febrile neutropenia represent a heterogeneous group. Some patients are at lower risk and potentially could be treated as outpatients, thereby avoiding the risk and cost of hospitalization. The Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC) has validated a risk-assessment tool that assigns a risk score to patients presenting with febrile neutropenia7 (Table 96-3). Patients with a risk-index score of 21 or greater are identified as low risk and are candidates for outpatient therapy (discussed under Treatment ). 

The Justice Department, Federal Trade Commission, and USDA should be directed to ensure that agriculture has a multitude of competitive markets. I concur with those who argue that rather than promoting a global supermarket run by multinational cor-... 

With increasing dominance of multinational personal care companies, there is an additional factor now to be considered when choosing the preservative the need for the same product formulation to be sold on a global basis. Hence a large manufacturer with operations in many sites around the world may prefer to have one single formulation which can be produced at any, or all, of their worldwide factories. This means that the preservative must meet all local and national regulations. The chart below summarises the position of some of the most widely used preservatives in the three key markets of USA, Europe and Japan. 

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