Multinationals challenge

This statement was made in an environment when the relationship between the MoH and the multinational pharmaceutical industry was already on tenterhooks. The multinational pharmaceutical industry challenged the MoH in the courts of SA for provisions included in the Medicines and Related Substances Control Act that allowed the minister to parallel import medicines and issue compulsory licenses. Since 2001 the tenuous interaction between the multinational pharmaceutical industry and the government concerning the need to establish a means of providing medicines to the public at affordable prices, has opened other exciting debates that deserve attention in this paper. 

The challenge at Berkeley was to increase resources both for expensive genetic research and research infrastructure and, at the same time, crack the hold on proprietary genomic information held by the several multinational corporations in the United States and Switzerland. 

This symposium, "Chemical-Mechanical Polishing—Fundamentals and Challenges," held April 5-7 at the 1999 MRS Spring Meeting in San Francisco, California, was aimed at bringing together many of the active players in this field from all parts of the world, it reflects to some extent the role played both by academic institutions and multinational corporations in oprening up the frontiers in the field of CMP for wider dissemination. 

Domestic R D managers face special challenges in a multinational corporation in general, they need to do the following ... 

The Multinational Corporations Cultural Challenges, the Legal/ Regulatory Framework and the Medico-commercial Environment... 

The Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) was initiated by the US administration under President Bush in May 2003. It establishes a framework for multinational response to the growing challenge posed by the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), their delivery systems, and related materials worldwide. 21 It is based on the following principles to which all participating states subscribe ... 

The use of expert systems for both on-line and off-line risk analysis and decision support becomes much more complicated in an international environment. Human input and output interpretation becomes a much more challenging exercise. The user model upon which the system depends most certainly will have to account for both linguistic and cultural factors if the system is to operate reliably and effectively. Multicultural human factors must certainly be addressed if we are to succeed in international trade and multinational enterprise. 

Because the diversity challenges of every organization differ, approaches to address them vary as well. Here again, the need to be responsive to different national cultures may explain why multinational organizations have tended to leave much of the implementation of diversity programs to managers at national... 

Current trends in macroeconomics, defense systems, and advanced communications seem to suggest that large, complex, multinational enterprises like the ISS will become increasingly important over the decades to come. Here I have outlined a variety of unique systems engineering challenges associated with the development of the ISS, including the protracted development cycle, test and verification requirements, and infrastructure considerations. 

For the Japanese strategies of international cartels, the challenge of the Japanese firms to them, and the response of international cartels, see T. Hara and A. Kudo, "International cartels in business history," in A. Kudo and T. Hara, eds.. Interna tional cartels in business history (Tokyo, 1992), 8-22. Also see A. Kudo, "Western multinationals in Japan Missed opportunities and lessons from inter-war business history," Asia pacific business review, 2 1 (1995). 

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