Federations multinational

The Justice Department, Federal Trade Commission, and USDA should be directed to ensure that agriculture has a multitude of competitive markets. I concur with those who argue that rather than promoting a global supermarket run by multinational cor-... 

Christopher Hill I did not hear anything in Professor Wakeham s description of Imperial College that we do not do now at George Mason, a public university. Tbe difference is that in Professor Wakeham s presentation, multinational corporation was a euphemism for an American company. But we would have no problem doing a strategic alliance with an overseas corporation at this point. If we wanted to accept federal government money as part of the package, then we would have to fulfill some of the requirements in U.S. law written by Patrick Windham to deal with the xenophobic impulse. 

We, the multinational people of the Russian Federation, united by a common fate on our land, establishing human rights and freedoms, civic peace and accord, preserving the historically established state unity, proceeding from the universally recognized principles of equality and self-determination of peoples,. .. reviving the sovereign statehood of Russia,. .. 

Article 3.1. The bearer of sovereignty and the only source of power in the Russian Federation shall be its multinational people. 

In this case, it is the multinational people of the Russian Federation that are the bearer of sovereignty as a collective entity. Federal entities, such as Chechnya, are not assigned original sovereignty. Instead, sovereignty resides only in the centre. 

Not all problems of sharing power are national problems. A federation, for example, can consist of territorial as well as national units. My task in this chapter, however, is not to provide an account of how institutionally to promote equality among all sorts of political units, but only of how to provide an equal recognition of national groups in a multinational state. Such a sttite may need basic principles for accommodating mixed federal units (territorial and national), which I discuss in Chapter 6. 

In this section, 1 consider how the equal self-determination can be realized within the borders of a federation. The federations I discuss contain national or both national and territorial, but not exclusively territorial, units. Thus, they are either multinational or mixed (asymmetrical) federations. I first consider general organizational principles for such states and then deal with a number of challenges that a theory of multinational federalism needs to answer. 

One common criticism of multinational federalism is that it forbids dominant national groups from claiming ownership and control over public institutions at the central level but allows smaller national groups to make such claims at the substate level. The control of public institutions should be considered with respect to other national groups as well as to non-self-determining minorities and nationals of other groups as private citizens. 

It may seem that my approach to nationhood increases the possibility of minorities mobilizing along national lines and aspiring to acquire a status at the level of the federal state equal to that of already existing national groups, which presents a problem for the stability of multinational states. The destabilizing effects of dynamic identities that the nations approach accommodates can be controlled by the terms of nations approach in at least two respects. 

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