Mucous membrane infection

Bacitracin is seldom used parenterally because renal necrosis has been reported after systemic use. Bacitracin is primarily used topically to treat skin and mucous membrane infections caused by gram-positive bacteria because only a few of these bacteria have become resistant to it. 

The most common form of neomycin administration is topical. The dmg is available in combination with other antibiotics and steroids in numerous ophthalmic, otic, and dermatologic preparations designed to treat a rariety of skin and mucous membrane infections (seeTables 11-6 and 11-7). Topical ocular application of neomycin can result in... 

The best way to use licorice is in combination with other herbs, especially for bacteria for which it is specific. Used in proper doses in moderation, licorice is one of the most powerful members of the herbal family. It may be used for restoring immune function or in active disease conditions. It is especially useful for any mucous membrane infection, cancer, radiation treatment, general fatigue, or immune suppression. 

Leishmaniasis affects some 12 million humans aimuaHy ia an area where 350 million are at risk. It is a complex of at least two protozoan diseases, consisting primarily of cutaneous and visceral forms. A mucocutaneous form is considered by some to be another distinct variety. Clinical manifestations of the disease range from an asymptomatic infection to an infection ia which there is considerable destmction of cutaneous tissue and mucous membranes. Leishmaniasis can often be fatal, especially ia the visceral form. The seriousness of the disease depends on the state of the immunological system of the... 

Acute infection with Hetpes simplex viruses (HSV) results in painful rashes on skin and mucous membranes. HSV-1 mainly causes cold sores around the mouth (hetpes labialis) or eyes (keratitis), whereas infection by HSV-2 mostly results in sores in the genital or anal area. Less frequently, HSV also causes severe infections in newborns or potentially fatal encephalitis. HSV remains latent and can be reactivated by stress, suppression of the immune system or other infections. 

The nurse inspects the patient s mouth daily for ulceration of the mucous membranes. A metallic taste may be noted before stomatitis becomes evident. The nurse advises the patient to inform the primary health care provider or nurse if a metallic taste occurs. Good oral care is necessary. The teeth should be brushed after each meal and the mouth rinsed with plain water to remove food particles. Mouthwash may also be used, but excessive use may result in oral infections due to the destruction of the normal bacteria present in the mouth. 

Topical antiseptics and germicides are primarily used to reduce the number of bacteria on skin surfaces. Some of these drag s, such as chlorhexidine gluconate, may be used as a surgical scrub, as a preoperative skin cleanser, for washing the hands before and after caring for patients, and in the home to cleanse the skin. Others may be applied to minor cuts and abrasions to prevent infection. Some of these drag s may also be used on mucous membranes. 

The keratolytics are contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to the drugs and for use on moles, birthmarks, or warts with hair growing from them, on genital or facial warts, on warts on mucous membranes, or on infected skin. Prolonged use of the keratolytics in infants or patients with diabetes or impaired circulation is contraindicated. Salicylic acid... 

Topical anesthetics temporarily inhibit the conduction of impulses from sensory nerve fibers. These drug s may be used to relieve itching and pain due to skin conditions, such as minor bums, fungus infections, insect bites, rashes, sunburn, and plant poisoning, such as poison ivy. Some are applied to mucous membranes as local anesthetics. Examples of local anesthetics include benzocaine (Lanacane), dibucadne (Nupereainal), and lidocaine (Xylocadne). 

Goldenseal Hydrastis canadens s Antiseptic for skin (topical), astringent for mucous membranes (mouthwash), wash for inflamed eyes, sinus infections, peptic ulcers, colitis, gastritis Large doses may cause dry or irritated mucous membranes and injury to the gastrointestinal system may reduce the beneficial bacteria in the intestines. Siould not be taken for more than 3-7 days. 

T. pallidum rapidly penetrates intact mucous membranes or microscopic dermal abrasions, and within a few hours, enters the lymphatics and blood to produce systemic illness. During the secondary stage, examinations commonly demonstrate abnormal findings in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). As the infection progresses, the parenchyma of the brain and spinal cord may subsequently be damaged. 

The answer is d. (Hardman, pp 1183-1184.) Mucocutaneous infections, most commonly Candida albicans, involve the moist skin and mucous membranes. Agents used topically include amphotericin B, nystatin, miconazole, and clotrimazole. Ketoconazole and fluconazole are administered orally in pill form for treatment of chronic infections... 

The answer is a. (Hardman, pp 1143-1144.) Polymyxin B is poorly absorbed by the oral route. It is primarily administered by the topical route for the treatment of infections of the skin, mucous membranes, eye, and ear. Penicillin G can be administered both orally and parenterally. Did oxacillin is only given by the oral route. Carbenicillin and streptomycin are administered only by the parenteral route. 

Some diseases caused by bacteria are communicable and easily transferred from an infected individual to anyone in close proximity. Typically, this occurs when the infected individual coughs or sneezes creating an infectious aerosol. These aerosols enter the body of a new host through inhalation and /or contact of the aerosol with the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, or mouth. In addition, although intact skin is an effective barrier against most pathogens, abrasions, or lacerations circumvents this protective barrier and allows entry of the pathogen into the body. 

Signs and Symptoms Fever, anorexia, depression, and discharge from the eyes and nose. Pinpoint necrotic lesions appear on the inside of the mouth that rapidly form a cheesy plaque. Further symptoms include severe abdominal pain, thirst, difficulty breathing (dyspnea), and watery diarrhea containing blood, mucus, and mucous membranes. Recovery is prolonged and may be complicated by concurrent infections due to immunosuppression. 

Infection of the trachea and bronchi causes hyperemic and edematous mucous membranes and an increase in bronchial secretions. Destruction of respiratory epithelium can range from mild to extensive and may affect bronchial mucociliary function. In addition, the increase in bronchial secretions, which can become thick and tenacious, further impairs mucociliary activity. Recurrent acute respiratory infections may be associated with increased airway hyperreactivity and possibly the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive lung disease. 

Syphilis is usually acquired by sexual contact with infected mucous membranes or cutaneous lesions, although on rare occasions it can be acquired by nonsexual personal contact, accidental inoculation, or blood transfusion. 

Localized infections If there is a cut or scratch in the skin, a localized infection with ulceration will develop within 1 to 5 days at the site where the bacteria entered the body. Swollen lymph nodes may also be apparent. Infections involving the mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, and respiratory tract will cause increased mucus production from the affected sites,... 

Glanders occurs in both acute and chronic forms. The acute form is inhaled and affects the upper respiratory tract. In nature, the acute form kills infected animals in 3 to 4 weeks. The acute form infects the nasal, oral, and conjunctival mucous membranes, causing blood-streaked discharges from the nose along with nodules and ulcerations. The chronic form affects the joints and lymph as multiple skin nodules begin to ulcerate and are filled with pus. Other symptoms include fever, sweats, myalgia, headache, enlarged spleen, and chest pain. Sometimes pneumonia is present. As few as 1 to 10 bacteria delivered to animals by aerosol can be lethal.3... 

Infection of nasal, oral, or conjunctival mucous membranes Blood-streaked discharge from the nose, nodules, and ulcerations Chronic form ... 

Intimate Sexual Contact with an HIV-Infected Person. The most risky sexual practices, therefore, would be those in which HIV-infected blood or semen from an infected person comes in immediate and direct contact with the bloodstream or mucous membranes of another person. These practices include vaginal or anal intercourse between a man and a woman, and anal intercourse between two men. 

Chickenpox Chickenpox is a highly contagious viral infection that causes rash-like blisters on the skin surface and mucous membranes. It is generally mild and not normally life-threatening. For adults, the symptoms are more serious and uncomfortable than for children. The disease can also be deadly for some people, such as pregnant women, people with leukemia, or immunosuppressed patients. Varivax (varicella virus vaccine live) from Merck Co. was tested on about 11,000 children and adults and was approved by the FDA in March 1995 as a chickenpox vaccine. 

CMC), a primary immune deficiency presenting as an inability to clear yeasts, mostly Candida albicans, that consequently persist and recur in infections of the skin, nails and mucous membranes [7]. Most CMC patients also develop accompanying endocrine and inflammatory disorders that suggest an underlying deregulation of the inflammatory and immune responses [7]. 

Genital candidiasis is a common disorder caused by a yeast, Candida albicans infects the mucous membrane of the vagina. 

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