Mucociliary activity

Reimer, A., von Mecklenberg, C., and Toremalm, N. G. (1978). The mucociliary activity of the upper respiratory tract. III. A functional and morphological study on human and animal mare-tial with special reference to maxillary sinus diseases. Acta Otolaryngol., 1-20. 

Infection of the trachea and bronchi causes hyperemic and edematous mucous membranes and an increase in bronchial secretions. Destruction of respiratory epithelium can range from mild to extensive and may affect bronchial mucociliary function. In addition, the increase in bronchial secretions, which can become thick and tenacious, further impairs mucociliary activity. Recurrent acute respiratory infections may be associated with increased airway hyperreactivity and possibly the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive lung disease. 

Cervin and Lindberg (1998) examined the shortterm effects of halothane, isoflurane and desflurane on mucociliary activity in the rabbit maxillary sinus in vivo. 

Healthy adults Inhalation 1-4 ppm 3 h Decrease in red blood cell membrane acetylcholinesterase activity increase in red blood cell lipids and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, higher concentration resulted in decrease in alpha-1-protease inhibitor activity but not overall enzyme activity in BALF. Mucociliary activity ceased after 45-min exposure to 1.5 and 3.5 ppm for 20 min. Devlin ct al. 1992 Frampton et al. 1992 Rasmusen et al. 1992 Posin et aL 1978 Mohsenin and Gee 1987 Helledayet al. 1995... 

Helleday, R., D.Huberman, A.Blomberg, N.Stjemberg, and T.Sandstrom. 1995. Nitrogen dioxide exposure impairs the frequency of the mucociliary activity in healthy subjects. Eur. Respir. J. 8(10) 1664—1668. 

Tegner, H., Ohlsson, K., Toremalm, N.G. and von Meck-leburg, C. (1979). Effect of human leukocyte enzymes on tracheal mucosa and its mucociliary activity. Rhinology 17, 199-206. 

Inhibition of mucociliary activity Enhanced memory retention Suppression of glutamate release Suppression of noradrenaline release Inhibition of consumatory behaviour Inhibition of adenylate cyclase Elevation of intracellular calcium... 

Cervin, A. (1992) Neuropeptide Y 16-36 inhibits mucociliary activity but does not affect blood flow in the rabbit maxillary sinus. Regul. Peptides 39, 237-246. 

Early work on the effects of JP-8 inhalation in rats showed an inverse relationship between increases in airway epithelial permeability ("TcDTPA clearance) and decreased concentrations of the tachykinin substance P in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) (Hays et al. 1995). Substance P has a strong affinity for the neurokinin receptor NK, one of a family of plasma-membrane-bound neurokinin receptors that mediate protective reflex responses—such as bronchoconstriction, increased vascular permeability, vasodilatation, mucus secretion, and enhanced mucociliary activity—to airway exposure to mechanical or chemical irritants. 

Formoterol Guinea pig trachea and rabbit Mucociliary activity R>S 94... 

Lindberg, S. Khan, R. Runer, T. The effects of formoterol, a long-acting beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist, on mucociliary activity. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1995, 285, 275-280. 

Of all the mucosal, nasal mucosa is considered to be the most permeable, offering tremendous scope for peptide delivery, particularly for vaccines (90% of pathogens invade via mucosa).Already, several peptide formulations are on the market, and further developments will depend on clarifying the immunogenicity of bioactive agents on the nasal mucosa and the long-term effect of enhancers on the nasal mucociliary activity. 

Infection risk A 56-year-old woman with underlying COPD, a past cigarette smoker and current cannabis smoker, had multiple pulmonary nodules seen in a routine chest X-ray [19 ]. Biopsy of the nodules showed cavitary lesions and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Aspergillus can be found in samples of marijuana and chronic cannabis use probably predisposed her, perhaps owing to impairment in mucociliary activity and alveolar macrophages function. While prior reports of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis have been documented in immunocompromised individuals who use cannabis, she was not immunocompromised. 

Respiratory allergies and infections are the most common form of illness in the United States and Europe and account for more missed school and work days than any other disease [1], A substantial body of experimental work has clearly shown that airborne toxicants such as tobacco smoke, ozone, and other air pollutants can alter many aspects of the host defense network to either decrease resistance to infection, or exacerbate respiratory allergies and asthma [2], Exposure to air toxicants can suppress a number of key host defenses including mucociliary clearance in the airways, pulmonary macrophage function, and development of specific immune responses such as IgG antibody production and cell mediated immunity. In contrast, immune stimulation in the form of increased T cell activity and IgE antibody formation has also has been shown to occur under some circumstances, resulting in increased incidence or severity of allergic lung disease. 

Rate of mucociliary clearance - Concentration of active ingredient - Type of dosage form (liquid, aerosol, powder)... 

The disposition of insulin was shown to be susceptible to non-absorptive losses to metabolism and mucociliary clearance. Modification of the deposition profile of insulin in the lung showed that higher absorption rates were obtained for more peripheral deposition and co-administration of a metabolic inhibitor reduced losses to exopeptidase metabolism [101], It is acknowledged by the investigators that the IPL technique and the dosing technique of Byron and coworkers are not widely accessible and have therefore not been widely adopted [119], Active absorption has also been studied in this system as described in Sect. 6.2.43. 

It should be noted that the permeability per surface unit of alveolar epithelium per se is not particularly high. The significant absorption found for various substances after pulmonary administration is rather explained by a number of beneficial factors such as the large surface area of the alveoli, the low volume of the epithelial lining fluid, the relatively thin diffusion layer, the absence of mucociliary clearance from the alveoli as well as the limited enzymatic activity in the lining fluids. 

Dust particles inhaled in tobacco smoke, together with bronchial mucus, must be removed from the airways by the ciliated epithelium. Ciliary activity, however, is depressed by tobacco smoke mucociliary transport is impaired. This depression favors bacterial infection and contributes to the chronic bronchitis associated with regular smoking. Chronic injury to the bronchial mucosa could be an important causative factor in increasing the risk in smokers of death from bronchial carcinoma. 

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