Mouth rinses

Fluorides. Most woddwide reductions in dental decay can be ascribed to fluoride incorporation into drinking water, dentifrices, and mouth rinses. Numerous mechanisms have been described by which fluoride exerts a beneficial effect. Fluoride either reacts with tooth enamel to reduce its susceptibihty to dissolution in bacterial acids or interferes with the production of acid by bacterial within dental plaque. The multiple modes of action with fluoride may account for its remarkable effectiveness at concentrations far below those necessary with most therapeutic materials. Fluoride release from restorative dental materials foUow the same basic pattern. Fluoride is released in an initial short burst after placement of the material, and decreases rapidly to a low level of constant release. The constant low level release has been postulated to provide tooth protection by incorporation into tooth mineral. 

The nurse inspects the patient s mouth daily for ulceration of the mucous membranes. A metallic taste may be noted before stomatitis becomes evident. The nurse advises the patient to inform the primary health care provider or nurse if a metallic taste occurs. Good oral care is necessary. The teeth should be brushed after each meal and the mouth rinsed with plain water to remove food particles. Mouthwash may also be used, but excessive use may result in oral infections due to the destruction of the normal bacteria present in the mouth. 

C. give the patient salt-water mouth rinses... 

De Salva S, Volpe A, Leigh G, et al. 1975. Long-term safety studies of a ehloroform-containing dentifriee and mouth-rinse in man. Food Cosmet Toxieol 13 529-532. 

The rate of clearance of chlorhexidine from the mouth after one mouth rinse with 10 mL of a 0.2% aqueous solution follows approximately first-order kinetics, with a half-life of 60 minutes. This means that following application of a single rinse with a 0.2% chlorhexidine solution, the concentration of the compound exceeds the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for oral streptococci (5 mg/mL) for almost 5 hours. The pronounced substantivity, along with the relative susceptibility of oral streptococci, may account for the great effectiveness of chlorhexidine in inhibiting supragingival plaque formation. 

D.l. Paik, D.S. Ma, D.Y. Park, H.S. Moon, Y.l. Chang, J.B. Kim, Determination of fluorine by PIGE analysis on bovine tooth enamel treated with bamboo salt SMFP toothpaste and fluoride mouth rinsing solution, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 217 (1997) 221-223. 

Corrosive These products may destroy living tissue eyes are particularly susceptible. Emergency showers should be available. If swallowed plenty of water should be given after immediate mouth rinsing. 

O. Selroos, and M. Halme, Effect of a volumatic spacer and mouth rinsing on systemic absorption of inhaled corticosteroids from a metered dose inhaler and dry powder inhaler, Thorax 46 891 (1991). 

Hatta, H., Tsuda, K., Ozeki, M., Kim, M., Yamamoto, T., Otake, S., Hirasawa, M., Katz, J., Childers, N.K., and Michalek, S.M. 1997. Passive immunization against dental plaque formation in humans effect of a mouth rinse containing egg yolk antibodies (IgY) specific to Streptococcus mutans. Caries Res. 31, 268-274. 

Uses fluoride compounds are used in making steel, chemicals, ceramics, lubricants, dyes, plastics, and pesticides fluorine and hydrogen fluoride are used to make certain chemical compounds hydrofluoric acid is used for etching glass fluorides are also added to drinking water, dental products, toothpaste, and mouth rinses... 

A number of products, both dentifrices and mouth-rinses, are available for reduction of supragingival calculus (tartar) in dental patients. Calculus reduction has been shown with dentifrices containing pyrophosphates, zinc salts, triclosan, and papain. 

A patient suffered significant postoperative bleeding 4 days after dental surgery in a patient taking amoxicillin, despite the use of a tranexamic acid (4.8%) mouth rinse to control hemostasis (329). 

Chlorhexidine has been used as an adjuvant for plaque control and in the treatment of gingival inflammation. It is generally considered to be effective in the control of plaque and can be helpful in the treatment of gingivitis. It can be applied in the form of a solution, used as a mouth rinse or with a toothbrush, in dentifrice or as a gel. The concentrations used are 0.05-2%. 

A discoloration of the dorsum of the tongue occurs in up to one-third of subjects using chlorhexidine mouth rinses. It does not occur during the use of chlorhexidine-containing dentifrices or gels (SEDA-11, 481) (27,28). 

Ashley FP, Skinner A, Jackson P, Woods A, Wilson RF. The effects of a 0.1% cetylpyridinium chloride mouth-rinse on plaque and gingivitis in adult subjects. Br Dent J 1984 157 191-196. 

Bonosvoll P, Gjermo P. A comparison between chlorhexedine and some quaternary ammonium compounds with regard to retention, salivary concentration and plaque-inhibiting effect in the human mouth after mouth rinses. Arch Oral Biol 1978 23 289-294. 

Synonyms Cepacol Gel-kam (Rx) Hexetidine Listerine Listermint Plax Prevention Mouth Rinse Scope Signal Therasol Viadent... 

Concentrations of fluoride in body fluids and tissue wfll vary widely depending upon the fluoride content of drinking water and input from diet, toothpaste, and mouth rinses. For... 

Saliva specimens should be collected after a thorough mouth rinsing, centrifuged to remove debris, and frozen immediately. Samples can be heat treated at 56 °C for 2 hours to reduce interference by saliva matrix. 

Kato et al. [38] also demonstrated the ability of a precipitating mouth rinse to elevate F levels in plaque. They utilised a so-called mineral-enriching solution developed by Pearce and Nelson [39] that contained Ca, Pi and urea as well as F (in the form of NaMFP). By using an in situ plaque-sampling device [40], concentrations of F could be determined ex vivo at different plaque depths. Significant increases in F were observed in the outer and middle plaque layers following repeated daily use of the mouth rinse compared with values in plaque exposed to a control rinse. Qualitatively similar increases were found for plaque Ca and Pi. 

In an earlier study, Larsen and Ravnholt [55] showed that the dissolution kinetics of differently sourced CaF2 and the calcium-fluoride-like material that is actually formed in saliva (as opposed to in water) varied markedly, depending on both the different solid preparations and on the fluid (water or saliva). Saliva inhibits CaF2 s precipitation and dissolution. This is illustrated in figure 3, which shows results of a salivary clearance study taken from a patent of Clarkson et al. [56], Aqueous solutions of calcium chloride and NaF were mixed at various times relative to the application of the resultant CaF2 -precipitating mixture to a group of individuals as a form of mouth rinse. Saliva samples were collected at least 1 h after the 1-min mouth rinse and were analysed for F after the addition of TISAB buffer, as described elsewhere [42], The effect of the age of the precipitated material was dramatic salivary F concentrations... 

Fig. 15.11 Factors affecting pH after a 10% glucose or sucrose mouth rinse. Dashed line indicates pH 7. Vectors 1 and 4 increase the pH vectors 2 and 3 decrease the pH. The short-chain carboxylic acids (SCCA) may be produced from amino acids along with ammonia, or from the catabolism of lactic acid (see text and also Fig. 1.8). (From Fig. 9 in Kleinberg I, 2002. A mixed-bacterial ecological approach to understanding the role of the oral bacteria in dental caries causation an alternative to Streptococcus mutans and the specific-plaque hypothesis. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 13 108-125)...

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