Infection local

Infection localized to catheter exit site Bacteremia with or without systemic signs or symptoms... 

Infections Localized fungal infections with Candida albicans or Aspergillus niger have occurred in the mouth, pharynx, and occasionally in the larynx. The incidence of clinically apparent infection is low, and may require treatment with appropriate antifungal therapy or discontinuance of aerosol steroid treatment. Use inhaled corticosteroids with caution, if at all, in patients with active or quiescent tuberculous infection of the respiratory tract, untreated systemic fungal, bacterial, parasitic or... 

Infections Localized infections of the nose and pharynx with Candida albicans have developed only rarely. 

Adverse reactions include abdominal pain, ALT increased, diarrhea, fever, headache, infection, local reaction to procedure, nausea, thrombocythemia, vomiting. 

Two bacterial strains, one from soil and the other from infected local beer, which utilised calarene as the sole source of carbon and energy have been isolated by enrichment culture techniques [149]. Both these bacteria were adapted to grow on valencene as the sole carbon source. Fermentations of valencene (5) by these bacteria of the genus Enterobacter in a mineral salts medium yielded several neutral metabolic products dihydro alpha-agarofuran (200) (7.5%), nootkatone (6) (12%), another ketone (201) (18%) and a-cyperone (202) (8%), Fig. (40). 

The major immunobiological effect of IL-10 is the regulation of the TH1/TH2 balance. TF cells are involved in cytotoxic T-cell responses whereas TH2 cells regulate B-cell activity and function. IL-10 is a promoter of TH2 response by inhibiting IFN-y production from THi cells. This effect is mediated via the suppression of IL-12 synthesis in accessory cells. IL-10 is involved in assisting against intestinal parasitic infection, local mucosal infection by costimulating the proliferation and differentiation of B cells. Its indirect effects also include the neutralization of bacterial toxins. 

Even when the pharmacokinetic parameters of a drug are such to suggest that it will reach the site of the infection, local factors can influence its antimicrobial activity. Aminoglycosides are ineffective in hyperosmolar, anaerobic acidic environments, such as the purulent environment of abscesses. Sulfonamides act by replacing para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) in the folic acid synthetic pathway of bacteria and are ineffective in purulent material and necrotic tissue, which provide alternative sources of PABA. 

Local infection, Local infection Adaptive immunity Protection... 

Hymel PA, Am J Manag Care 12(17), S473 Upper respiratory infection Local... 

The effects of land pollution on animals are kidney and liver damage, brain and nerve damage, acid bums, cancer, and genetic disorders. Pollutants can infect local water supplies and act as fuels for potential fires. Land pollutants affect plants by hindering growth. 

C. botulinum spores leads to germination and colonization at the site of infection. Localized weakness results from production of toxin at the wound, and systemic botuhsm can occur from toxin transmitted via the bloodstream to distant targets (Weber et al., 1993). 

Localized infections. Localized infections develop in 5% to 10% patients with bacteremia. Extraluminal infection or abscess formation or both can occur at any site. They may follow any of the other syndromes, or they may be the primary presentation. Metastatic infections involve bone, cysts, heart, kidney, liver, lungs, pericardium, spleen, and tumors. The clinical presentation usually is determined by the organ systems involved. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte counts often are elevated. 

Almost all patients with disease located outside the lungs should receive antifungal therapy therapy usually is initiated with 400 mg.day of an oral azole. Amphotericin B is an alternative therapy and may be necessary in patients with worsening lesions or with disease in particularly critical locations such as the vertebral column. Approximately 50% to 75% of patients treated with amphotericin B for nonmeningeal disease achieve a sustained remission, and therapy usually is curative in patients with infections localized strictly to skin and soft tissues without extensive abscess formation or tissue damage. The efficacy of local injection into joints or the peritoneum, as well as intraarticularor intradermal administration, remains poorly studied. Amphotericin B appears to be most efficacious when cell-mediated immunity is intact (as evidenced by a positive coccidioidin or spherulin skin test or low CF antibody titer). Controlled trials that document these clinical impressions are lacking, however. ... 

IFNs have effects in various herpesvirus infections including genital HSV infections, localized herpes-zoster infection, and CMV infections of renal transplant patients. IFN generally is associated with more side effects and inferior results relative to conventional antiviral therapies. Topically applied IFN and trifluridine combinations appear active in acyclovir-resistant mucocutaneous HSV infections. 

Norethindrone implants may be associated with infection, local irritation, pain at the insertion site, and rarely, expulsion of the inserts. Headache, weight gain, mood changes, and acne occur in some patients. 

The need for proper interpretation of the high tissue/serum ratios of macrolides and their clinical relevance have been recently reviewed [257-259]. Numerous studies have been published demonstrating intracellular uptake of macrolides. This phenomenon helps to explain their antimicrobial activity against many pathogens which reside in an intracellular environment, such as species of Legionella, Chlamydia, Salmonella, staphylococci, and mycobacteria. If the compound is bioavailable, high tissue concentrations of antibiotic would permit better eradication of infections localized within that tissue. 

At a later stage of CMV infection, local inflammatory reactions could be controlled by chemokine downregulation around the infected cells. The pUS28 receptor adsorbs RANTES from the infected cell environment (Billstrom et al. 1999 Bodaghi et al. 1998). RANTES, as well as MIP-lot/p and MCP-1 and 3, which also bind pUS28, are chemoattractant for T, dendritic, and natural killer cells (reviewed in Loetscher et al. 2000). RANTES adsorption by pUS28 could inhibit establishment of a chemokine gradient and thereby block both lymphocyte attraction and effector mechanism activation (Hadida et al. 1998). 

Listeria A genus of rod-shaped aerobic motile Gram-positive bacteria. Only one species, L. monocytogenes, causes disease (listeriosis). It is resistant to physical and chemical treatments and can occur as a contaminant in certain foods, in faeces, etc. Listeriosis can take various forms, depending on the site of infection localization in the central nervous system causes meningo-encephaUtis, while uterine infection can result in abortion or congenital handicap in the fetus. 

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