Insect bites

Infections from contact with or exposure to bloodborne pathogens or other biological agents in contaminated soil, waste, dust, bird and animal droppings or transmitted by insect bites or stings... 

The classical skin response to local release of histamine that results from contact with an allergen, irritant or following an insect bite. A central wheal develops as a direct result of local inflammation and the the oedema the follows the increased capillary permeability caused by histamine acting on HI-receptors on vascular-endothelial cells. 

Topical corticosteroids exert localized anti-inflamma-toiy activity. When applied to inflamed skin, they reduce itching, redness, and swelling. These drugs are useful in treating skin disorders, such as psoriasis, dermatitis, rashes, eczema, insect bite reactions, and first-and second-degree burns, including sunburns. 

Topical anesthetics temporarily inhibit the conduction of impulses from sensory nerve fibers. These drug s may be used to relieve itching and pain due to skin conditions, such as minor bums, fungus infections, insect bites, rashes, sunburn, and plant poisoning, such as poison ivy. Some are applied to mucous membranes as local anesthetics. Examples of local anesthetics include benzocaine (Lanacane), dibucadne (Nupereainal), and lidocaine (Xylocadne). 

Type II NF is generally a monomicrobial infection caused by invasive GAS. Occasionally S. aureus is implicated. Type II often occurs after minor trauma, such as an insect bite or abrasion.3 It is more severe than type I because invasive strains of GAS produce toxins that induce erythema, systemic toxicity, multiorgan failure, and shock.22... 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Contagious ecthyma, contagious pustular dermatitis, bluetongue, mycotic dermatitis, sheep scab, mange, insect bites, parasitic pneumonia, and photosensitization. 

Tularemia occurs naturally in many parts of the United States. Use insect repellent containing DEET on your skin, or treat clothing with repellent containing permethrin, to prevent insect bites. Wash your hands often, using soap and warm water, especially after handling animal carcasses. Be sure to cook your food thoroughly and that your water is... 

The use of feverfew as a medicinal plant can be traced back to the earliest written record of the Herbals, the Greek herbal Materia Medica by Dios-corides. Later herbal writers are thought to have used the Materia Medica as a source of information and feverfew was described by Dodoens in 1619, by Gerard in 1636 and Culpeper in 1650. Their descriptions of the properties of the plant became more extensive and the conditions for which feverfew was reputed to be beneficial can be divided into three main areas (1) fever, headache and migraine (2) women s conditions such as difficulties in labour, threatened miscarriages and the regulation of menstruation (3) the relief of stomach-ache, toothache and insect bites [1]. 

An important example of PLP-dependent amino acid decarboxylation is the conversion of histidine into histamine. Histamine is often involved in human allergic responses, e.g. to insect bites or pollens. Stress stimulates the action of the enzyme histidine decarboxylase and histamine is released from mast cells. Topical antihistamine creams are valuable for pain relief, and oral antihistamines are widely prescribed for nasal allergies such as hay fever. Major effects of histamine include dilation of blood vessels, inflammation and swelling of tissues, and narrowing of airways. In serious cases, life-threatening anaphylactic shock may occur, caused by a dramatic fall in blood pressure. 

Calcium chloride and gluconate - A6 unct /e therapy in the treatment of insect bites or stings, such as Black Widow spider bites to relieve muscle cramping sensitivity reactions, particularly when characterized by urticaria depression due to overdosage of magnesium sulfate acute symptoms of lead colic rickets osteomalacia. 

Nonprescription hydrocortisone preparations Temporary relief of itching associated with minor skin irritations, inflammation, and rashes caused by eczema, insect bites, poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac, soaps, detergents, cosmetics, jewelry, seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, and external genital and anal itching. 

Pain and itching associated with sunburn, insect bites, minor cuts, scrapes, minor burns, minor skin irritations Topical Apply to affected area 3-4 times/day. 

Local skin disorders (minor Burns, insect Bites, prickly heat, skin manifestations ofchick-enpox, aBrasions), and mucous memBrane disorders (local anesthesia of oral, nasal, and laryngeal mucous memBranes local anesthesia of respiratory, urinary tract relief of discomfort of pruritus ani, hemorrhoids, pruritus vulvae) Topical Apply to affected areas as needed. 

Unlabeled Uses Demodicidosis, insect bite prophylaxis, leishmaniasis prophylaxis, malaria prophylaxis... 

Tea tree colds, insect bites, cold sores... 

Anti- inflammatory topical preparations Hydrocortisone, 0.5% (cream, ointment, lotion), 1% (cream, ointment, lotion, spray) Cortaid, Cortizone- 10, Preparation H, various generic Used to temporarily relieve itching and inflammation associated with minor rashes due to contact or allergic dermatitides, insect bites, and hemorrhoids. Apply sparingly to affected areas two to four times daily. 

Gynura japonica Mak. G. pinnatifida Vanniot G. segetum Merr. San Qi (Canton tusanchi) (root, leaf) Saponins.49 Hemostat, furnculosis, hemorrhage, hemorhea. Externally for bruises and wounds, insect bites, snakebites... 

N.A. Sesquiterpenes, eugenol, tannins, gum.130-131 For gastroenteritis, intestinal parasites. Externally for toothache and insect bites. 

N.A. Balsaminones, 2-methoxy-l, 4-naphthoquinone, saponins, quercitin, kaempferol derivatives, balsaminasterol, parinaric acid, hosenkosides.302 Remedy for rashes, pain caused by insect bites, anti-inflammation. 

Note that snakes, spiders, and insects bite or in some other way puncture their victims and so employ an intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous route. 

Injected forms of antibodies which have been generated in another body or animal can be isolated, purified, and administered as standard human immune serum globulin (ISG), and ISG plus preparation, or as an animal antiserum or antitoxin. Some serums which are available are those for rabies, snake and insect bites, botulism, and tetanus. Temporary immunity of up to six months to hepatitis can be imparted by one "gamma globulin" shot. More permanent active immunity is available to health care workers. 

Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) Uses Rx of superficial wounds (bacterial, viral, fungal, insect bites, minor burns, cold sores, acne Action Broad-spectrum antibiotic activity against E. coli, S. aureus, C. albicans Available forms Topical creams, lotions, oint, oil apply topically PRN Notes/SE Ataxia, contact dermatitis, D, drowsiness, GI mucosal irritation Interactions Effects OF drugs that affect histamine release EMS effects of Benadryl Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) Uses Anxiolytic, antispasmodic, dys-menorrheal, restlessness, sedative Action Inhibits uptake stimulates release of GABA, which T GABA concentration extracellularly causes sedation Available forms Ext 400-900 mg PO 30 min < hs, tea 2-3 g (1 tsp of crude herb) qid, PRN, tine 3-5 mL (1/2-1 tsp) (1 5 ratio) PO qid, PRN Efficacy Probably effective sedative (reduces sleep latency) Notes/SE GI upset, HA, insomnia, N/V, palpitations, restlessness, vision changes Interactions T Effects OF barbiturates, benzodiazepines, opiates, EtOH, catnip, hops, kavakava, passion flower, skullcap effects OF MAOIs, phenytoin, warfarin EMS T Effects of benzodiazepines and opiates abruptly D/C may cause withdrawal symptoms... 

FOR FAST RELIEF FROM INSECT BITES AND STINGS... 

The importance of transmission via the oral route has long been known in the case of susceptible omnivorous or insectivorous animals, which feed on vector insects and infected animal reservoirs (Dias, 2006 Neto et ah, 2000). Some authors consider the possibility that Carlos Chagas, in his first study together with Oswaldo Cruz, played an important role in the first demonstrated case of oral transmission of Chagas disease. Marmosets (C. penicillata) were placed in cages together with insects infected by the parasite, and also acquired the parasite. It is now known that transmission to these animals by insect bites is rare, and, at the time of the experiment, no entrance points were found on the animals thus, the hypothesis of ingestion of the insects by the marmosets cannot be discarded (Coura, 1997 Dias, 2006). 

Feverfew has traditionally been used in the treatment of migraine, tinnitus, vertigo, arthritis, fever, menstrual disorders, difficulty during labor, stomachache, toothache, and insect bites. 

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