Chronic obstructive lung

The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) has defined COPD as a disease state characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully... 

GOLD Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease... 

COLD Chronic obstructive lung disease EEG Electroencephalogram... 

Respiratory acidosis Acidosis caused by retention of carbon dioxide due to a respiratory abnormality (e.g., chronic obstructive lung disease). 

A 60 year-old male with chronic obstructive lung disease is given ipratropium as part of his therapeutic regimen. What is the mechanism of action of ipratropium ... 

Infection of the trachea and bronchi causes hyperemic and edematous mucous membranes and an increase in bronchial secretions. Destruction of respiratory epithelium can range from mild to extensive and may affect bronchial mucociliary function. In addition, the increase in bronchial secretions, which can become thick and tenacious, further impairs mucociliary activity. Recurrent acute respiratory infections may be associated with increased airway hyperreactivity and possibly the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive lung disease. 

Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (COLD) and Cor pulmonale COLD is known to be an outcome of chronic air pollution exposure. Although tobacco smoke is known to be the major risk factor, studies in India and Nepal have found that non-smoking women who regularly cook on biomass stoves exhibit a higher prevalence of COLD than would be expected, or which appears in women who use them less frequently. Indeed, due to indoor exposure, nearly 15% of non-smoking women in Nepal (20 years and older) had chronic bronchitis a very high rate for nonsmokers (ESCAP, 1995). 

Anxiety is common among the elderly but the literature regarding the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of these illnesses in older individuals is sparse (Blazer 1997). Most often anxiety does not present for the first time in late life. If that is the case one should suspect an underlying condition or other external cause. These causes could be medications such as digitalis, antipsychotics but also conditions as anaemia, chronic obstructive lung disease with hypoxia or myocardial infarction. 

In a study of 80 talc workers, there was an excess prevalence of productive cough and of criteria of chronic obstructive lung dis-... 

MicroNefrin Chronic obstructive lung disease, chronic bronchitis, bronchiolitis, bronchial asthma, and other peripheral airway diseases croup (postintubation and infectious). 

Risk factors in the host can give a clue for the causative pathogen e.g. Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (COPD) - Haemophilus, alcoholism - Klebsiella, HIV - Pneumocystis. The immunocompromised host is also at increased risk for certain fungal (Aspergillus) and viral infections (cytomegalovirus or CMV). Pseudomonas aeruginosa is frequently involved in exacerbations of cystic tibrosis. 

Chronic bronchitis was defined as the presence of chronic productive cough for 3 months in each of two successive years in a patient in whom other causes of chronic cough have been excluded. Emphysema was defined as abnormal permanent enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis. The Global initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society... 

ISOLDE Inhaled Steroids in Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease in Europe EUROSCOP European Respiratory Society Study on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease BUD = budesonide PRED = prednisolone. 

Zanamivir is contraindicated in individuals with severe or decompensated chronic obstructive lung disease or asthma because it has not been shown to be effective in these individuals and can cause serious adverse pulmonary reactions. Individuals with mild to moderate asthma may have a decline in lung function when taking zanamivir. The safety and efficacy of this medication have not been determined in individuals with severe renal insufficiency. No clinically significant drug interactions have been reported. Zanamivir does not decrease the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine. 

Most adverse effects associated with aerosol ribavirin are local. Pulmonary function may decline if aerosol ribavirin is used in adults with chronic obstructive lung disease or asthma. Deterioration of pulmonary and cardiovascular function has also been seen in severely ill infants given this preparation. Rash, conjunctivitis, and rare cases of anemia have been reported. Health care workers exposed to aerosol ribavirin during its adminis-... 

Buist S for the Executive Committee, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Medical Communications Resources, Inc. 2007. http //www.goldcopd.com... 

Konzem SL, Stratton MA. Chronic obstructive lung disease. In DiPiro JT, et al, eds. Pharmacotherapy A Pathophysiologic Approach. 5th ed. New York McGraw-Hill 2002. 

Toxicity resulting from exposure to cigarette smoke in persons afflicted with a -antitrypsin deficiency has been mentioned above (section 1.3). Avoiding cigarette smoke can prevent its destructive effects on the lungs, which result in emphysema and chronic obstructive lung disease.(9)... 

Metoprolol, atenolol, and several other drugs (see Table 10-2) are members of the Di-selective group. These agents may be safer in patients who experience bronchoconstriction in response to propranolol. Since their Bi selectivity is rather modest, they should be used with great caution, if at all, in patients with a history of asthma. However, in selected patients with chronic obstructive lung disease the benefits may exceed the risks, eg, in patients with myocardial infarction. Betai-selective antagonists may be preferable in patients with diabetes or peripheral vascular disease when therapy with a 6-blocker is required since B2 receptors are probably important in liver (recovery from hypoglycemia) and blood vessels (vasodilation). 

All isocyanates are known to cause pulmonary toxicity. Isocyanates are the most common causes of occupational asthma and have led to the development of immediate or late asthma among workers. Isocyanates have caused bronchitis, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, chronic obstructive lung disease, contact sensitivity, dermatitis, allergic alveolitis, and immunologic hemorrhagic pneumonitis.29... 

Subsets of the hypertensive population The (3-blockers are more effective for treating hypertension in white than in black patients, and in young patients compared to the elderly. [Note Conditions that discourage the use of 3-blockers (for example, severe chronic obstructive lung disease, chronic congestive heart failure, severe symptomatic occlusive peripheral vascular disease) are more commonly found in the elderly and in diabetics.]... 

Bronchodilation. p2-Adrenoceptor-medi-ated bronchodilation plays an essential part in the treatment of bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease (p.340). For this purpose, p2-agonists are usually given by inhalation preferred agents being those with low oral bioavailability and low risk of systemic unwanted effects (e. g., feno-terol, salbutamol, terbutaline). 

From the group of antagonists at ((-adrenoceptors, p,-selective blockers are mainly used (e. g., metoprolol). Owing to blockade of p2-receptors, p-blockers can impair pulmonary function, particularly in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. 

Muscarinic antagonists, such as ipratropium, are also administered by inhalation. They antagonize the parasympathetic bronchoconstriction which may be present in some patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Methylxanthines, such as theophylline and aminophylline, which are not administered by inhalation, relax bronchial muscle, possibly via phosphodiesterase inhibition. 

In patients with chronic obstructive lung disease, air becomes trapped in the lung and total lung volume gradually increases. As the disease progresses, the chest permanently enlarges and the shoulders rise this shape is often referred to as a barrel chest. 

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