Mucus production

A distinct population of effector T cells that promote tissue inflammation has been described without suppressive functions [9]. This population is termed as Th9 cells and exerts IL-9 and IL-10 secretion capacities. IL-4 and TGF-(I promotes an IL-9-producing subset, Th9 cells, which have roles in mucus production and tissue inflammation [100,101]. 

Th2 lymphocytes are one of the primary factors initiating and perpetuating the inflammatory response.7 In addition, proinflammatory mediators such as the leukotrienes generated during mast cell degranulation can increase vascular permeability, leading to airway edema and increased mucus production.8 Eosinophilic infiltration of the airways is a hallmark of asthma, and activated eosinophils can cause bronchoconstriction and AHR.9... 

Corticosteroids are the most potent anti-inflammatory agents available for the treatment of asthma. The efficacy of corticosteroids is due to their ability to affect multiple inflammatory pathways, resulting in the suppression of inflammatory cell activation and function, prevention of microvascular leakage, decreased mucus production, and upregulation of P2-adrenergic receptors.10,18 Clinically, corticosteroids decrease airway inflammation, decrease AHR, decrease mucus production and secretion, and improve the response to P2-agonists.18 Corticosteroids for the treatment of asthma are available in inhaled, oral, and injectable dosage forms. 

Common limpet, Patella vulgata-, 10 pg/L for 6 h Brown mussel, Perna indica Pedal mucus production reduced 40% 48... 

Davies, M.S. 1992. Heavy metals in seawater effects on limpet pedal mucus production. Water Res. 26 1691-1693. 

Localized infections If there is a cut or scratch in the skin, a localized infection with ulceration will develop within 1 to 5 days at the site where the bacteria entered the body. Swollen lymph nodes may also be apparent. Infections involving the mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, and respiratory tract will cause increased mucus production from the affected sites,... 

Last, J.A. (1982). Mucus production and ciliary escalator. In Mechanisms in Respiratory Toxicology, Vol. 1. (Witschi, H. and Nettesheim, P., Eds.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL,... 

Clearance in the upper, or ciliated, region is governed by the rate of mucus transport along the airways. These rates have been measured in the human nose and in dogs, rats, and other species. Asmundsson and Kilbum, Hilding, and Iravani established that mucociliary clearance rates increase from the distal bronchi toward the trachea. Because bronchial openings retard mucus flow, bifurcations receive an accumulation of mucus and associated particles. The rate of mucus production and mucus thickness and velocity vary from one person to another. Thickness increases and velocity decreases greatly when some toxic elements are present in the airway. 

Carbenoxolone (B) is a derivative of glycyrrhetinic acid, which occurs in the sap of licorice root (succus Uquiri-tiae). Carbenoxolone stimulates mucus production. At the same time, it has a mineralocorticoid-like action (due to inhibition of 11-p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) that promotes renal reabsorption of NaCl and water. It may, therefore, exacerbate hypertensioa congestive heart failure, or edemas. It is obsolete. 

Misoprostol (B) is a semisynthetic prostaglandin derivative with greater stability than natural prostaglandin, permitting absorption after oral administration. like locally released prostaglandins, it promotes mucus production and inhibits acid secretion. Additional systemic effects (frequent diarrhea risk of precipitating contractions of the Liillmann, Color Atlas of Pharmacology (... 

The third condition, late respiratory systemic syndrome, is characterized by cough, mucus production, occasional wheezing, and systemic symptoms of malaise, chills, fever, and aching muscles and joints, occurring 4—12 hours alter exposure. This syndrome also has been termed TMA flu and clinically resembles hypersensitivity pneumonitis with visible chest X-ray infiltrates. High levels of IgG serum antibody and total serum antibody directed against trimellityl-human protein conjugates accompany the syndrome, and a latent period of exposure before the onset of symptoms is typical. 

Mechanism of Action An antihistamine that competes with histamine for histamine receptor sites on cells in the blood vessels, G1 tract, and respiratory tract. Therapeutic Effect Relieves symptoms associated with seasonal allergic rhinitis, such as increased mucus production and sneezing and symptoms associated with allergic conjunctivitis, such as redness, itching, and excessive tearing. 

Mechanism of Action An antiasthmatic that binds to cysteinyl leukotriene receptors, inhibiting the effects of leukof rienes on bronchial smooth muscle. Therapeutic Effect Decreases bronchoconstriction, vascular permeability, mucosal edema, and mucus production. 

The next major class of drugs for peptic ulcer disease is the mucoprotectants and other protective agents. Sucralfate (4.158) is a carbohydrate-based drug (chapter 8) which forms an impenetrable paste that adheres to the stomach lining defect, providing a protective barrier. Misoprostol (4.159) is a semisynthetic prostaglandin derivative that promotes mucus production. Carbenoxolone (4.160) has a mineralocorticoid-type action that also promotes mucus production. 

It acts by increasing mucus production, slowing turnover of gastric cells and increasing regeneration of cells around ulcer. 

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