Mineral oils specifications

Mineral-dl, n. mineral oil specif., petroleum. -Slfimis, m. mineral-oil varnish. -SlrafBnat, n. refined mineral oil. -pech, n. mineral piteh, asphalt, -quelle, /. mineral spring or well, -reich,n. mineral kingdom, -rot,n. cinnabar. 

Oil Strippable Mineral oil, specific corrosion inhibitors and anti-oxidants Dipping rinsing, spraying Liquid, thin, oily... 

For heavier insulating oil, the purpose of limiting density range is to provide a check on oil composition. In addition, a minimum density may offer some indication of solvent power as well as guarding against excessive paraffin content. In this respect, the inclusion of density in a mineral oil specification may duplicate the aniline point (ASTM D-611, IP 2) requirement. 

The flash point is sometimes to be found in a mineral oil specification, but the value is not usually of much significance and is merely laid down as some assurance against undue Are risk. Typical values will be from 150°C (302°F) upward, depending on viscosity. The closed test (IP 34) is commonly used, and a minimum value of 140°C (284°F) is required for transformer oil to limit Are risk. The stipulation of a suitable flash point also automatically limits the volatility of the oil, and for this reason the loss on heating (IP 46) can be important to restrict excessive volatility. This can be achieved by setting a suitable minimum flash point on the order of 125°C (257°F). 

The largest volume of hydrauHc fluids are mineral oils containing additives to meet specific requirements. These fluids comprise over 80% of the world demand (ca 3.6 x 10 L (944 x 10 gal))- In contrast world demand for fire-resistant fluids is only about 5% of the total industrial fluid market. Fire-resistant fluids are classified as high water-base fluids, water-in-oil emulsions, glycols, and phosphate esters. Polyolesters having shear-stable mist suppressant also meet some fire-resistant tests. 

Alkylated aromatics have excellent low temperature fluidity and low pour points. The viscosity indexes are lower than most mineral oils. These materials are less volatile than comparably viscous mineral oils, and more stable to high temperatures, hydrolysis, and nuclear radiation. Oxidation stabihty depends strongly on the stmcture of the alkyl groups (10). However it is difficult to incorporate inhibitors and the lubrication properties of specific stmctures maybe poor. The alkylated aromatics also are compatible with mineral oils and systems designed for mineral oils (see Benzene Toulene Xylenes and ethylbenzene). ... 

Emulsifiers are incorporated in oil and synthetic mud formulations to maintain a stable emulsion of the internal brine phase. These materials include calcium and magnesium soaps of fatty acids and polyamines and amides and their mixtures (123,127). The specific chemistry of these additives depends on the nature of the continuous phase of the mud, ie, whether diesel oil, mineral oil, or a synthetic Hquid. Lime is added along with the fatty acid to form the... 

Petroleum or mineral oil (kerosene, etc.) are less soluble in alcohol than most oils. They have a low specific gravity and refractive index, and are not saponified by alcoholic potash. The lower boiling fractions can usually be detected by their odour, and the higher boiling fractions remain in the residue on fractional distillation. They are unaffected by fuming nitric acid. 

The recommendations of the International Standards Organization (ISO) covering mineral-oil lubricants for reciprocating compressors are set out in ISO DP 6521, under the ISO-L-DAA and ISO-L-DAB classifications. These cover applications wherever air-discharge temperature are, respectively, below and above 160°C (329°F). For mineral-oil lubricants used in oil-flooded rotary-screw compressors the classifications ISO-L-DAG and DAH cover applications where temperatures are, respectively, below 100°C (212°F) and in the 100-110°C range. For more severe applications, where synthetic lubricants might be used, the ISO-L-DAC and DAJ specifications cover both reciprocating and oil-flooded rotary-screw requirements. 

These are Osually mineral oils of medium or low viscosity, which contain specific coirrorion inhibitors arid.anti-Qxidants In spite of the relatively low protective properties of the fluid films, which are not nearly so great as those, Of the previouriy described solid films, these materials have an established field of useon the internal surfaces of tririks and assembled mechanisms, and where solid material or solvent cannot be tolerated. ... 

Mineral oils have very low acute toxicities, i.e. oral LD50 values of around lOg/kg. They are not absorbed via the skin and are insufficiently volatile to produce harmful vapours at room temperature. Additives are used in small quantities for specific properties but these do not normally affect the health and safety characteristics. Dermatitis may be caused by repeated or prolonged contact of mineral oils with the skin. Such contact with higher boiling fractions over many years can result in warty growths which may become... 

For example trace elements in milk powder are not consumed as milk, and moisture in transformer oil is not used in transformers, yet matrix reference materials based on milk are imported as food and are subject to health certification requirements and sometimes import quotas. Likewise a matrix based on oil is identified as fuel or lubricating oil and is both classified as a hazardous material and subject to mineral oil tax. These problems arise because RMs are frequently incorrectly classified by specific title of their matrix (as Reference Material of Trace Elements in Rice is classified as rice) and not as reference material which is the intended use. 

Hydraulic fluids themselves cannot be measured in blood, urine, or feces, but certain chemicals in them can be measured. Aliphatic hydrocarbons, which are major components of mineral oil hydraulic fluids and polyalphaolefin hydraulic fluids, can be detected in the feces. Certain components of organophosphate ester hydraulic fluids leave the body in urine. Some of these fluids inhibit the enzyme cholinesterase. Cholinesterase activity in blood can be measured. Because many other chemicals also inhibit cholinesterase activity in blood, this test is not specific for organophosphate ester hydraulic fluids. This test is not available at most doctor s offices, but can be arranged at any hospital laboratory. See Chapters 2 and 6 for more information. 

There is no available information on absorption of mineral oil hydraulic fluids following inhalation or dermal absorption. There are data suggesting that mineral oil aerosols are cleared from the lungs via alveolar macrophages. No specific methods to reduce absorption of dermally applied or inhaled mineral oil hydraulic fluids were located, but it is expected that removal of contaminated clothing and multiple washings of contaminated skin would reduce the dermal absorption of these materials. 

No specific methods were located to reduce the body burden of absorbed mineral oil hydraulic fluids, organophosphate ester hydraulic fluids, or polyalphaolefin hydraulic fluids. 

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids. No specific methods were located for interfering with the mechanism of action for toxic effects produced by mineral oil hydraulic fluids. Unstable alveoli and distal airways have been proposed as major factors in the respiratory symptoms that occur after the ingestion of other petroleum-derived materials. Continuous positive airway pressure or continuous negative chest wall pressure, as well as the application of supplemental oxygen, have been recommended to counteract the resultant pneumonitis (Eade et al. 1974 Klein and Simon 1986). 

No information concerning the specific production volumes of mineral oil hydraulic fluids was found in the available literature. The National Petroleum Refiners Association (NPRA 1992) reported that 192 million gallons of automatic transmission fluids, universal tractor hydraulic/transmission fluids, energy/ shock absorber and power steering fluids, and other automotive hydraulic fluids were sold in 1991. Virtually all of these fluids are mineral oil hydraulic fluids (Chrisope and Landry 1993 Papay 1989, 1991 Wills 1980). This volume is lower than sales volumes for 1990 (216 million gallons), 1989 (221 million... 

Most hydraulic fluid preparations start as chemical mixtures. For instance, there is a considerable area of overlap in the specific petroleum hydrocarbon chemicals contained in the mineral oil and polyalphaolefin hydraulic fluids. For all classes of hydraulic fluids, there may be similarities with other original products intended for use as lubricants. The complications involved in documenting the environmental fate of mixtures increase under conditions encountered at many NPL sites, where it may be hard to determine the precise original product associated with chemicals identified at an area in need of remediation. In most instances, available peer-reviewed literature, supplemented with data obtained from manufacturers of particular formulations and information in trade magazines, can supply information about the original hydraulic fluid preparations. At NPL sites, site-specific evaluations of specific chemicals may be the only feasible way to address concerns over environmental fate and potential exposure risks. 

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids and Polyalphaolefin Hydraulic Fluids. Limited information about environmentally important physical and chemical properties is available for the mineral oil and water-in-oil emulsion hydraulic fluid products and components is presented in Tables 3-4, 3-5, and 3-7. Much of the available trade literature emphasizes properties desirable for the commercial end uses of the products as hydraulic fluids rather than the physical constants most useful in fate and transport analysis. Since the products are typically mixtures, the chief value of the trade literature is to identify specific chemical components, generally various petroleum hydrocarbons. Additional information on the properties of the various mineral oil formulations would make it easier to distinguish the toxicity and environmental effects and to trace the site contaminant s fate based on levels of distinguishing components. Improved information is especially needed on additives, some of which may be of more environmental and public health concern than the hydrocarbons that comprise the bulk of the mineral oil hydraulic fluids by weight. For the polyalphaolefin hydraulic fluids, basic physical and chemical properties related to assessing environmental fate and exposure risks are essentially unknown. Additional information for these types of hydraulic fluids is clearly needed. 

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids and Polyalphaolefin Hydraulic Fluids. Very limited information is available concerning levels of these hydraulic fluids in environmental media. The only available study described concentrations at a spill site (Abdul et al. 1990). No other reports of mineral oil hydraulic fluid exposure levels in environmental media were found in the available literature. At NPL sites, it becomes difficult to decide which original products are associated with documentation of specific site contaminants. General research dealing with assessment techniques relevant to complex petroleum hydrocarbon mixtures would be helpful in deciding how to approach the environmental media exposure issues. 

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