Spray in liquid

Dihexyl sulfosuccinate is used to improve the wetting and spreading characteristics of water-soluble pesticide sprays. In liquid fertilizers, insecticides, and fungicides, dioctyl sulfosuccinate will increase their penetrating ability. 

The study shed new light on the importance of dynamic interaction between flow structures and pulsed sprays in liquid-fueled ACC. The results provided valuable information on the fuel injection timing for desired outcome. In the present case, the fuel injection timing that was synchronized with the air vortex shedding led to the suppression of pressure oscillations. When the fuel injection timing was delayed a quarter cycle after the vortex shedding, combustor pressure oscillations reached the highest amplitude. The scale-up test revealed a critical role of the relative amount of modulated heat release from pulsed fuel injection. 

Reacting Sprays in Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines, JPL Contract No. 952023 (NAS 7-100), 1968. 

A technique for the preparation of Eudragit RL-100 acrylic resin microcapsules was developed, which was based on the principle of solvent evaporation. Diclofenac sodium was used as a model drug for encapsulation. A solution of drug and Eudragit dissolved in acetone-isopropyl alcohol was sprayed in liquid paraffin. The microcapsules obtained were unifonu and free flowing particles. The release rate was more sustained by increasing the polymer coneentration. The experimental procedure provided a rapid and eonvenient method for the preparation of Eudragit microcapsules. 8 refs. 

In fact, the true fire load will be greater than the energy release calculated in Example 9.1. In practice, such a release of superheated liquid generates large amounts of fine spray in addition to the vapor. This can double the energy release based purely on vaporization. 

Great care should be taken to keep dichlorophenylarsine, alone or in solution, from the hands if this precaution is observed, the cold liquid is easily and safely handled. The vapour from the hot liquid, or a fine spray of liquid itself, is poisonous if inhaled these conditions should not however arise in the above experiment. 

The term nebulizer is used generally as a description for any spraying device, such as the hair spray mentioned above. It is normally applied to any means of forming an aerosol spray in which a volume of liquid is broken into a mist of vapor and small droplets and possibly even solid matter. There is a variety of nebulizer designs for transporting a solution of analyte in droplet form to a plasma torch in ICP/MS and to the inlet/ionization sources used in electrospray and mass spectrometry (ES/MS) and atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization and mass spectrometry (APCI/MS). 

The main problem in this technique is getting the atoms into the vapour phase, bearing in mind the typically low volatility of many materials to be analysed. The method used is to spray, in a very fine mist, a liquid molecular sample containing the atom concerned into a high-temperature flame. Air mixed with coal gas, propane or acetylene, or nitrous oxide mixed with acetylene, produce flames in the temperature range 2100 K to 3200 K, the higher temperature being necessary for such refractory elements as Al, Si, V, Ti and Be. 

Spray Dryers A spray diyer consists of a large cyhndrical and usu ly vertical chamber into which material to be dried is sprayed in the form of small droplets and into which is fed a large volume of hot gas sufficient to supply the heat necessary to complete evaporation of the liquid. Heat transfer and mass transfer are accomphshed by direct contact of the hot gas with the dispersed droplets. After completion of diying, the cooled gas and solids are separated. This may be accomplished partially at the bottom of the diying chamber by classification and separation of the coarse dried particles. Fine particles are separated from the gas in external cyclones or bag collectors. When only the coarse-particle fraction is desired for fini ed product, fines may be recovered in wet scrubbers the scrubber liquid is concentrated and returned as feed to the diyer. Horizontal spray chambers are manufactured with a longitudinal screw conveyor in the bottom of the diying chamber for continuous removal of settled coarse particles. 

Sparging may not condense all the vapor. The injection of cold liquid spray in the vapor space should be considered. 

Note A 5% solution of polyethylene glycol 4000 in ethanol can be sprayed onto the chromatogram [2, 4] for the purpose of increasing and stabilizing the fluorescence instead of dipping it in liquid paraffin - -hexane (1 - - 2). If this alternative is chosen the plate should not be analyzed for a further 30 min since it is only then that the full intensity of the fluorescence develops [6]. 

Extraction (sometimes called leaching) encompasses liquid-liquid as well as liquid-solid systems. Liquid-liquid extraction involves the transfer of solutes from one liquid phase into another liquid solvent it is normally conducted in mixer settlers, plate and agitated-tower contacting equipment, or packed or spray towers. Liquid-solid extraction, in which a liquid solvent is passed over a solid phase to remove some solute, is carried out in fixed-bed, moving-bed, or agitated-solid columns. 

Poultry may be chilled for the fresh chicken market, or frozen. Chilling and freezing are mainly by cold air blast. Large birds such as turkeys are wrapped and immersed in low-temperature brine until the outside is well frozen, and then put into low-temperature storage to freeze right through. Some poultry is frozen by spraying with liquid carbon dioxide. 

Sprays Small liquid droplets in the air that can be caused by process upsets or by high wind. 

Distributing a dispersed gas in a continuous liquid is very difficult, while spraying a liquid into a gas is more easily done. The inertia on the drops allows them to move over a wide area. The limitation is the reaction time in relation to the settling time. 

Fig. 6 also shows the striking differeraa in photoactivties of the particles prqjared by conventional spray pyrolysis and flame ray pyrolysis. As the preparation tranperature was increased, the rate of TCE decomposition in liquid phase was decrease in the conventional spray pyrolysis whareas the reaction rate kept increasing with the increase of flame temperature. 

Use of w/o-MEs for transport in liquid emulsion membrane separations Perforated rotating disk contactor Spray column Packed column... 

Electrospray (ES) existed long before its application to mass spectrometry (MS). It is a method of considerable importance for the electrostatic dispersion of liquids and creation of aerosols. The interesting history and notable research advances in that field are very well described in Bailey s book Electrostatic Spraying of Liquids. 37 Much of the theory concerning the mechanism of the charged droplet formation was developed by researchers in this area. The latest works can be found in a special issue38 of the Journal of Aerosol Science devoted to ES. 

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