Sales volume

The world s leading manufacturers of abrasives and thek locations are presented byproduct category and order of sales volume ... 

DMPPO—polystyrene blends, because of the inherent flame resistance of the DMPPO component (oxygen index ca 29.5), can be made flame retardant without the use of halogenated additives that tend to lower impact strength and melt stabiUty in other polymers. Approximately one-half of total Noryl sales volume is in flame-retarded grades, ie, VO or VI in a 1.6-mm section (UL-94). 

The development of new aluminum carboxylates is evident in the Hterature. However, sales volume has decreased or the number of suppHers has been concentrated to such an extent that the U.S. International Trade Commission now reports data only for aluminum tristearate (867 t at 1.34/kg) (1). The aluminum carboxylates of most commercial interest according to the trade Hterature (2,3) are given in Table 1. 

Household and personal products dominate surfactant technology Hterature. Sales volume per product ia these categories is large enough to justify research and investment ia large manufactuting facilities. Industrial appHcations represent smaller sales volumes per product. Research and especially technical service is often conducted by the user or by a service company that suppHes a variety of items to the consuming iadustry. 

Blues are the single most important color in the disperse class, both in terms of amounts produced and doUar sales volume. Among all dyes. Disperse Blue 79 (100) (6-bromo-2,4-dinitroaniline [1817-73-8] coupled to 3-bis-(2-acetoxyethyl)-amino-/)-acetophenetidine [20249-05-2]) was the highest volume dye in the late 1980s and continues. As reported in 1985, the United States produced 2872 tons valued at 7.7 million. 

Economic summaries of the cosmetic industry, commonly documented by sales volume, are sometimes based on unit sales, sometimes on manufacturers sales in monetary units, and sometimes on consumer spending. Figures normally include contributions by private labeling operations but do not necessarily reflect the value of the industry service sector, which includes suppHers of raw materials, beauticians, testing laboratories, and other speciaHsts. Moreover, product categories caimot be rigidly defined. For example, the differentiation between a deodorant (a cosmetic) and an antiperspirant (an OTC dmg) is often obscured by its trade name. 

Manufacturing capacities and sales volumes of dye carriers are difficult to assess because the materials used are made by many companies for use in a variety of appHcations. Companies manufacturing dye carriers include ... 

The quantity of annual sales is often called the sales volume, although the units may be mass quantities instead of volume units. The estimation of the annual sales volume over the expected life of a production faciHty is extremely difficult. It requites an estimate of the total market, production capabiHties and costs of the competition, market share expected, selling strategy to be employed, and future economic conditions. 

The expected annual sales volume is important not only for estimating sales revenue, but also for the selection of plant capacity (20) or process type. An economy of scale is typical of many process operations because both investment and some operating costs tend to vary with capacity to a fractional power less than unity. 

Polyester carbonate resins are made by the interfacial process described for standard PC resins. The phthalate units are introduced by reaction of the appropriate phthaloyl dichlorides concurrent with the phosgenation. At present, Bayer, GE, and Miles produce polyester carbonate resins (47) sales volume is low, probably ca 100 t/yr. Polyester carbonates are used primarily in appHcations requiring 5—25°C higher heat-deflection temperature and better hydrolytic performance than are provided by standard PC resins. Properties are given in Table 9. 

Breakeven charts can be plotted in any of the three forms shown in Figs. 9-2, 9-3, and 9-4. The abscissa shown as annual sales volume R is also frequently plotted as a percentage of the designed production or sales capacity Rq. In the case of ships, aircraft, etc., it is then called the percentage utilization. The percentage margin of safety is defined as... 

Sensitivity Analysis An economic study should pinpoint the areas most susceptible to change. It is easier to predict expenses than either sales or profits. Fairly accurate estimates of capital costs and processing costs can be made. However, for the most part, errors in these estimates have a correspondingly smaller effecl than changes in sales price, sales volume, and the costs of raw materials and distribution. 

Sales and raw-materials prices may be affected by any of the following discounts and allowances, availabihty of substitutes, contract pricing, government regulations, quahty and form of the materials, and competition. Sales volume may be affected by any of the following new uses for the product, new markets, advertising, quahty, overcapacity, replacement by another product, competition, and timing of entry into the market. 

Predictions from Limited Data Predictions of future sales price, sales volume, etc., are normally based on a very hmited amount of data about past events. Furthermore, it would not be convenient to use the entire population of past events even if it were available. A statistic is a measure, based on limited information from a sample, that allows the corresponding parameter of the population to be estimated. 

The estimated (DCFRR) and the estimated (NPV) are both functions of the estimated cumulative revenue from annual sales X As, the estimated cumulative total annual cost or expense X Ate, and the estimated fixed capital cost Cfc of the plant. The revenue from annual sales for each year is in turn the product of the sales price and sales volume. Initially it is desirable to select those values from the distribution cui ves of X As, X Ate, and Cfc which enable the maximum and minimum (DCFRR) and (NPV) to be calculated. 

Monte Carlo Method The Monte Carlo method makes use of random numbers. A digital computer can be used to generate pseudorandom numbers in the range from 0 to 1. To describe the use of random numbers, let us consider the frequency distribution cui ve of a particular factor, e.g., sales volume. Each value of the sales volume has a certain probabihty of occurrence. The cumulative probabihty of that value (or less) being realized is a number in the range from 0 to 1. Thus, a random number in the same range can be used to select a random value of the sales volume. 

As for the contribution efficiency T[, it is the ratio of (1) the annual profit that can actually be achieved in a given year for a given sales volume to (2) the profit that could be obtained if no repayment of capital or interest were required and all fixed-expense items were credited free to the project. It is defined by... 

Inventory Ejfect on Cash Income and Profit When the annual production rate is equal to the annual sales volume, the revenue from annual sales As is... 

However, in a given accounting period the sales volume mav differ from the volume of production. In this case, the inventoiy of finished product 7i at the beginning of the accounting period will differ from... 

If the annual sales volume exceeds the annual production rate R by an amount AR, then Eqs. (9-147) and (9-148) can be written as... 

If the sales volume exceeds the annual production rate by 10 percent and the inventory is valued at the sales price, then Eq. (9-153) shows that the profit margin is (A vf/As)100 = 0 percent. If the inventory is valued at the total variable cost, then the profit margin (A vf/As)100 = (0.1)(1 — 0.7) (100) = 3 percent. Hence, the value of the inventoiy is of vital importance. 

Most people agree that general expenses incurred in administration, selling, distribution, etc., should not be included in the cost of inventory. In fact, many feel that no costs should be absorbed before they have been incurred. In general, method 2 is favored by engineers and method 3 by most accountants. However, the accountancy convention is to value at either cost or market value, whichever is the lower. In the methods considered, either ac tual or standard costs can be used. Note that method 3 shows a higher profit than method 2 when sales volume exceeds the produc tion rate and a lower profit when the production rate exceeds sales volume. 

Revenue from sales Sales price Sales volume... 

Adsorbents are natural or synthetic materials of amorphous or microcrystalhne structure. Those used on a large scale, in order of sales volume, are activated carbon, molecular sieves, silica gel, and activated alumina [Keller et al., gen. refs.]. 

Revenues. The selling price for the major product and the quantity to be sold each year must be estimated. If the product is new, this can be a major study. In any case, input is needed from sales, transportation, research, and any other department or individual who can increase the accuracy of the revenue data. The operating costs may be off by 20% without fatal results, but a 20% error in the sales volume or price w ill have a much larger impact. Further, the operating costs are mostly within the control of the operator, while the sales price and volume can be... 

Once the economic analysis has been completed, the project should be analyzed for unexpected as well as expected impacts on the economics. This is usually done through a set of what if calculations that test the project s sensitivity to missed estimates and changing economic environment. As a minimum, the DCF rate of return should be calculated for 10% variations in capital, operating expenses, and sales volume and priee. 

In the preparation of the first edition of this volume, contact was made with IMS, Inc. of Ambler,Pa.,a well-knownsourceof international statistics. Withtheir help,a list was prepared of the 100 top products based on U.S. sales volume in 1976 that list is given in Table 1. 

The London-based International Petroleum Exchange (IPE) is the second largest energy futures exchange in the world, listing futures contracts that represent the pricing benchmarks for two-thirds of the world s crude oil and the majority of middle distillate traded in Europe. IPE natural gas futures may also develop into an international benchmark as the European market develops larger sales volume. 

The ratio of the minimum net assets required supporting the sales volume of the business. From these ratios can be calculated the additional working capital needed if sales are to be increased ... 

In the final analysis, market price and sales volume are functions of the quality standards offered and the buyer s degree of confidence that the product will conform to the standards. Maintenance of buyer s confidence requires inspection to screen out all nonconforming products, or control over variability of quality during production and distribution to a degree where few, if any, products fail to meet the standards. Screening inspection of the finished product cannot improve quality it merely serves to segregate unacceptable from acceptable product, and results in loss of production capacity and costly waste and salvage. The second consideration provides the only sound basis for quality control in frozen food production and distribution. It operates on the old principle that an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. ... 

Water serves as a base value in this test and sodium lauryl sulfate as a well-known irritating surfactant. Lauryl ether sulfate served as a substance with high sales volume and good skin tolerance. As was to be expected, lauryl ether sulfate scored only slightly better than lauryl sulfate. Sulfosuccinate values obtained were classified under little skin roughening effect. ... 

Figure 1.36 Sales-volume forecast for the field of microreaction technology for the next few years. A projection is given on when industrial production will set in [241],...

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