Petroleum-derived materials

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids. The mechanism whereby mineral oil hydraulic fluids may enter the blood from the lungs, skin or gastrointestinal tract is not known. In general, mineral oils and other petroleum-derived materials are expected to be absorbed only to a limited extent by the lungs, skin, and the gastrointestinal tract (IARC 1984 Klein and Simon 1986), but data monitoring mineral oil hydraulic fluid components in the blood of animals or humans after exposure were not located. 

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids. No specific methods were located for interfering with the mechanism of action for toxic effects produced by mineral oil hydraulic fluids. Unstable alveoli and distal airways have been proposed as major factors in the respiratory symptoms that occur after the ingestion of other petroleum-derived materials. Continuous positive airway pressure or continuous negative chest wall pressure, as well as the application of supplemental oxygen, have been recommended to counteract the resultant pneumonitis (Eade et al. 1974 Klein and Simon 1986). 

McKee R, Freeman J. 1993. Dermal carcinogenicity studies of petroleum-derived materials. In RGM Wang, JB Knaak, HI Maiback, eds.. Health Risk Assessment Dermal and Inhalation Exposure and Absorption of Toxicants CRC Press, Ann Arbor MI, 263-21 A. 

Some yeasts and bacteria are able to produce different alcohols like ethanol and butanol as well as polyols like glycerin and 2,3-butandiol. These compounds- are used in drinks such as beer and wines, and also may be used in or as solvents, drugs, chemicals, oils, waxes, lacquers, antifreezing and antifoaming agents, precipitants, dyestuff, pomades, raw materials for chemical syntheses, motor fuels, and carbon sources for SCP production. These products are mainly synthesized from petroleum — derived materials like ethylene and acetaldehyde. However, because of the insufficient availability and high prices of the raw materials, the microbial production of alcohols has become an interesting area for many researchers. 

The replacement of petroleum-derived (nonrenewable) sources of adhesive raw materials with renewable sources will follow three basic strategies 1) renewable materials will be used to replace part of the required petroleum-derived adhesive systems, 2) new polymeric adhesives will be synthesized from renewable materials and totally replace petroleum-derived adhesive systems, or 3) the adhesives systems now based on petroleum-derived materials will continue to be used, but the adhesive raw materials will be derived from renewable sources instead of from nonrenewable ones. Carbohydrates are very versatile chemicals that can be utilized in all three strategies as demonstrated by the preceding discussion. 

T he carbon electrodes used in the production of aluminum by the Hall-Heroult process normally are produced from a combination of calcined coke and a pitch binder. While coal tar pitch traditionally has been used as the binder in electrode fabrication, variations in methods of production and the diversity of sources of supply result in variations in pitch quality. In addition, some locations in North America import pitch from areas such as Europe and Japan. With the desire for a more consistent quality product and more accessible sources of supply, alternative methods of producing binder pitch have been sought. This has led to a number of studies in the production of binder pitch from petroleum-derived materials (1-5). In these developments, the preferred feedstock... 

Most transgenic oilseeds with altered fatty acid composition remain research subjects, with commercial introduction limited to two crops, neither of which have yet achieved success in the marketplace. The expected benefits from transgenic crops with altered fatty acid composition include improved stability properties enhanced nutritive value expanded use of renewable resources to replace petroleum derived materials replacement of chemical processes, such as epoxidation of fatty acid double bonds and gradual expansion of agriculture as a chemical industry, a concept long ago known as chemurgy. It is possible to predict some issues that... 

Rodgers, R.P, Marshall, A.G. (2007) Chapter 3 petro-leomics advanced characterization of petroleum-derived materials by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). In Asphaltenes, Heavy Oils, and Petroleomics, edited by Mullins, O.C., Sheu, E.Y., Hammami, A., Marshall, A.G. New York Springer. 

Over the past 30 or so years, a number of biorenewable polymers have been synthesized that have properties comparable to those of petroleum-derived materials some are biodegradable, and others are not. Perhaps the best known of these bioderived polymers is polyil-lactic acid) (abbreviated PLA), which has the following repeat unit structure ... 

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