Mineral metabolism vitamin

Besides water, the diet must provide metabolic fuels (mainly carbohydrates and lipids), protein (for growth and turnover of tissue proteins), fiber (for roughage), minerals (elements with specific metabolic functions), and vitamins and essential fatty acids (organic compounds needed in small amounts for essential metabolic and physiologic functions). The polysaccharides, tri-acylglycerols, and proteins that make up the bulk of the diet must be hydrolyzed to their constituent monosaccharides, fatty acids, and amino acids, respectively, before absorption and utilization. Minerals and vitamins must be released from the complex matrix of food before they can be absorbed and utifized. 

R. S. Flueck, J. A. "The Interrelationships Between Vitamin D and Parathyroid Hormone in Disorders of Mineral Metabolism in Man" (Proceedings of 2nd Vitamin D Symposium), Weisbaden, West Germany, Oct., 1974, In Press. 

Reduction in the serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentration has been reported as an indicator of increased lead absorption or lead levels in the blood (Rosen et al. 1980). Lead inhibits the formation of this active metabolite of vitamin D, which occurs in bone mineral metabolism (EPA 1986a Landrigan 1989). Children with PbB concentrations of 12-120 pg/dL lead showed decreased serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations comparable to those found in patients with hypoparathyroidism, uremia, and metabolic bone disease (Mahaffey et al. 1982 Rosen et al. 1980). This biomarker is clearly not specific for lead exposure and several diseases can influence this measurement. 

Bone mineral metabolism agents Parathyroid hormone Vitamin D... 

The importance of nutrition in the dental caries problem is reviewed in 90 pages by Shaw.22 Although we have indicated that metabolic peculiarities in the area of mineral metabolism seem "most likely to be pertinent" to the dental caries problem (p. 218), it does not follow that interest should be restricted to this field. Because teeth are organic structures produced as the result of metabolic processes, there is not a single vitamin, amino acid, or other nutrient factor which may not be implicated in the disease. Probably many different deficiencies are involved in the production of the sum total of all caries existing in all individuals. Much evidence, of course, has been found to indicate the importance of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D, but other items may also be very important. 

Nutritional factors may influence the toxicity of pesticides. Research in this area has primarily focused on the role of dietary proteins, particularly sulfur-containing amino acids, trace minerals, and vitamins A, C, D, and E. Studies in rats show that inadequate dietary protein enhances the toxicity of most pesticides but decreases, or fails to affect, the toxicity of a few. The results of these studies have shown that at one-seventh or less normal dietary protein, the hepatic toxicity of heptachlor is diminished as evidenced by fewer enzyme changes (Boyd 1969 Shakman 1974). The lower-protein diets may decrease metabolism of heptachlor to heptachlor epoxide. 

Fracture In Paget patients, treatment regimens of etidronate exceeding the recommended daily maximum dose of 20 mg/kg or continuous administration for periods greater than 6 months may be associated with an increased risk of fracture. Hypocalcemia Hypocalcemia has occurred with pamidronate therapy. Rare cases of symptomatic hypocalcemia (including tetany) occurred during pamidronate treatment. If hypocalcemia occurs, consider short-term calcium therapy. Hypocalcemia must be corrected before therapy initiation with alendronate and risedronate. Also effectively treat other disturbances of mineral metabolism (eg, vitamin D deficiency). 

Dawson-Hughes, B. (2006a). Calcium and vitamin D. In "Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism" (M. J. Favus, ed.), pp. 257-259. The American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, Washington DC. 

Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, Vitamin D, and Other Compounds Related to Mineral Metabolism... 

Vitamins and minerals are not considered medications, but these substances are essential for maintaining physiologic function and homeostasis throughout the body. Many individuals consume these substances to compliment other medications and to help promote optimal health. It is beyond the scope of this chapter to address all the pertinent issues related to vitamin and mineral metabolism. Nonetheless, a brief overview of these substances and their use as dietary supplements is provided here and summarized in Tables 38-2 and 38-3. Readers are also referred to other sources for a more detailed discussion of vitamins and minerals.4,55 76... 

Vitamin D, along with parathyroid hormone and calcitonin, plays a primary role in calcium and phosphorus homeostasis in the body. Intensive research efforts over the past several years have elucidated a role for vitamin D in many other physiological processes as well. The biological actions of this seco-steroid are mediated primarily through the action of its polar metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (l,25(OH)2D3). There is emerging evidence that l,25(OH)2D3 has many more target tissues than those involved in its classical role in the control of mineral metabolism. In addition, some of the actions of l,25(OH)2D3 may be mediated by mechanisms other than the classical steroid-receptor interaction. In this chapter we will provide a brief overview of the multiple actions of vitamin D3 and the pleiotropic mechanisms by which these actions are accomplished. 

Hahn TJ. Drug-induced disorders of vitamin D and mineral metabolism. Clin Endocrinol Metab 1980 9(l) 107-27. 

Laboratory findings in rickets and osteomalacia include an increased serum ALP, with other alterations in bone and mineral metabolism dependent on the cause and severity of the disorder. ALP is usually increased because of the increased osteoblastic activity associated with producing unmineralized osteoid. Calcium may be low-normal or low in vitamin D deficiency depending on the severity of the disease. Phosphate may be normal or low, but falls with the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism. The serum calcium and PTH concentrations are usually normal in renal tubular defects of phosphate transport. Vitamin D nutrition may be assessed by the determination of serum 25(OH)D. Renal phosphate defects can be best assessed by determination of the renal phosphate threshold. 

Endres DB, Adams JS. Vitamin D and metabolites, in Favus MJ, ed. Primer on the metabolic bone diseases and disorders of mineral metabolism. Kelseyville, Calif. American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, 1990 70-3. 

Gagel RF (1993) Mineral and vitamin D RDA for infants children and adults. In Favus MJ, ed. Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and... 

EIahn TJ and EIalstead LR (1979) Anticonvulsant drug-induced osteomalacia alterations in mineral metabolism and response to vitamin D administration. Calcif Tissue Int 27 13 — 18. 

EIahn TJ, EIalstead LR, Teitelbaum SL and EIahn BH (1979) Altered mineral metabolism in uco-corticoid-induced osteopenia. Effect of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D administration. J Clin Invest 64 655 — 665. 

Wasserman RH (1969) Some aspects of intestinal absorption of calcium, with special r erence to vitamin D. In Comar CL, Bronner F, eds. Mineral Metabolism, pp. 321—403. Academic Press ... 

Minerals, like vitamins, have adverse effects if ingested in excessive amonnts. Problems associated with dietary excesses or deficiencies of minerals are described in snbseqnent chapters in conjunction with their normal metabolic functions. 

Vitamin D supplements are used in diseases of bone and mineral metabolism (eg, intestinal osteodystrophy) that can present with osteomalacia. Older bisphosphonates such as etidronate have only short-term clinical value in osteoporosis or Paget s disease, since their chronic use results in osteomalacia and an increased incidence of bone fractures. The answer is (D). 

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