Manufactured carbon

All of the properties described earlier make manufactured carbon a very useful material. It is used in applications such as bearings, valve seats, seals, dies, tools, molds, and fixtures. Specific uses of the final object may require materials that have been prepared to optimize certain properties. The fact that manufactured carbon can be prepared in the form of rods, rings, plates, tubes and other configurations makes it possible to machine parts of many types. Manufactured carbon represents a range of materials that have many important industrial uses. 

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Carbon Composites. Cermet friction materials tend to be heavy, thus making the brake system less energy-efficient. Compared with cermets, carbon (or graphite) is a thermally stable material of low density and reasonably high specific heat. A combination of these properties makes carbon attractive as a brake material and several companies are manufacturing carbon fiber—reinforced carbon-matrix composites, which ate used primarily for aircraft brakes and race cats (16). Carbon composites usually consist of three types of carbon carbon in the fibrous form (see Carbon fibers), carbon resulting from the controlled pyrolysis of the resin (usually phenoHc-based), and carbon from chemical vapor deposition (CVD) filling the pores (16). 

Standard Definitions ofiTerms Relating to Manufacturing Carbon and Graphite ASTM Standard C 709-90, Vol. 15.01 American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa., 1991, p. 189. 

The raw materials used ia the production of manufactured carbon and graphite largely control the ultimate properties and practical appHcations of the final product. This dependence is related to the chemical and physical nature of the carbonization and graphitization processes. 

Because of their unique combination of physical and chemical properties, manufactured carbons and graphites are widely used in several forms in high temperature processing of metals, ceramics, glass, and fused quartz. A variety of commercial grades is available with properties tailored to best meet the needs of particular appHcations (45). Industrial carbons and graphites are available in a broad range of shapes and sizes. 

Test Method for Electrical Resistivity of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles at Room Temperature Test Method for Compressive Strength of Carbon and Graphite... 

For many years chlorination of carbon disulfide was the only process used to manufacture carbon tetrachloride. In the 1950s, chlorination of hydrocarbons, particularly methane, became more popular ia the United States. Many hydrocarbons and chloriaated hydrocarbons are now used to feed chlorination reactors to make carbon tetrachloride. 

ASTM Standard C651-91, Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Manufactured Carbon And Graphite Articles Using Four-Point Loading at Room Temperature, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1991... 

External treatment also meant the removal of calcium and magnesium hardness by zeolite softening using either a variety of silcate-based, natural zeolites [such as analcite, (Na AljS O, 2 2H20)], or manufactured carbon zeolites. 

Much of the technology used for manufacturing carbon fibers in the United States is licensed from Japanese companies. The high level of Japanese carbon-fiber technology suggests that Japanese companies may produce mat r of the expected future advances in these materials. 

A novel catalyst for PTA manufacture Carbon nanofiber supported palladium... 

Manual code system, in searching patent literature, 18 223-225 Manual of Classification, 18 209 Manuals of Policies and Procedures (MAPPs), 13 688 Manufactured carbon, 4 735 Manufactured fibers, 11 165, 174-175 24 613-614, 616-618. See also Regenerated fibers Synthetic fibers olefin, 11 231-242 regenerated cellulose, 11 247 Manufactured graphite, 4 735 Manufactured products, nanotechnology and, 17 44-45 Manufactured water, 26 96 Manufacturing... 

H. W. Davidson et al., Manufactured Carbon, Pergamon Press, Oxford-New York 1968. 

The earliest method for manufacturing carbon disulfide involved synthesis from the elements by reaction of sulfur and carbon as hardwood charcoal in externally healed retorts. Safely concerns, short lives of the retorts, and low produciion capacities led to the development of an electric furnace process, also based on reaction of sulfur and charcoal. The commercial use of hydrocarbons as the source of carbon was developed in the 1950s, and it was still the predominate process worldwide in 1991. That route, using methane and sulfur as the feedstock, provides high capacity in an economical, continuous unit. 

Fuel Cells Manufacturing Automotive Parts Manufacturing Carbon Products... 

Only then a correlation of the LII results with the iodine number is to be expected if different specific surfaces are caused by variations in the primary particle size and not in porosity. The assumption that LII determines a measure for the enveloping surface without consideration of small porosities has been examined in further measurements at a test reactor of the Degussa AG with finer parameter variations. The aim was to manufacture carbon blacks of same primary particle size, but different surface structure. 

Chlorination of methane and higher aliphatic hydrocarbons is also used to manufacture carbon tetrachloride. 

Kvaemer Oil Gas, Norway, has introduced a process for manufacturing carbon black that generates substantial quantities of byproduct hydrogen. In 1998 the process was installed in Montreal, Quebec (Canada) to produce 20,000 tonnes of carbon black and 50 million Nm3 per year (5.2 million standard cubic feet per day) of hydrogen. The process appears to be economic only when the carbon black can also be sold as an end product.40... 

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