Carbon monoxide, manufacture properties

Pyrrohdinone (2-pyrrohdone, butyrolactam or 2-Pyrol) (27) was first reported in 1889 as a product of the dehydration of 4-aminobutanoic acid (49). The synthesis used for commercial manufacture, ie, condensation of butyrolactone with ammonia at high temperatures, was first described in 1936 (50). Other synthetic routes include carbon monoxide insertion into allylamine (51,52), hydrolytic hydrogenation of succinonitnle (53,54), and hydrogenation of ammoniacal solutions of maleic or succinic acids (55—57). Properties of 2-pyrrohdinone are Hsted in Table 2. 2-Pyrrohdinone is completely miscible with water, lower alcohols, lower ketones, ether, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and benzene. It is soluble to ca 1 wt % in aUphatic hydrocarbons. 

J.P.Picard M.Blais A New Approach to the Synthesis of Calcium Cyanamide without Using Electrical PowerM> PATR 2261 (1955) (Conf) 14)Sax (1957), 426 WJ.P. Picard V.LSiele, "Mechanism of Formation of White Calcium Cyanamide by the Picatinny Process . PATR 2405 (1957) (Conf) l6)J.P. Picard et al, "Laboratory Pilot Plant Investigation of Picatinny Process for Producing White Calcium Cyanamide , PATR 2452 (1957) (Conf) 17)V.I.Siele et al, "Suitability of White Calcium Cyanamide for the Preparation of Guanidine Nitrate , PATR 2455 (1957) (Conf) 18)M.Blais J.P.Picard, "Effect of Various Physical Properties of Lime on the Purity of White Calcium Cyanmide Made by the Picatinny Process , PATR 2457 (1857) (Conf) 19)S. Chard et al, "The Manufacture of Calcium Cyanamide Via Carbon Monoxide, Ammonia and Reactive Lime Parti. Laboratory Work ERDE Rept 2/R/57 (1957) (Conf), and "Part II. An Assessment of the Possible Procedure... 

The Cefesorb-type particles (produced by joint reduction of carbon monoxide CO and iron oxides Fe Or), which were used in our earlier studies [1 - 6], generally meet the above criteria. However, their sorption capacity is relatively low (less than 27 pg/mg) and characteristics of this type of particles are not very stable (small variations in manufacturing conditions lead to rather significant changes in the product properties, thus properties of differente batches can very widely. 

In recent years, chemically modified polymers have gained an increasing importance in the manufacture of rubbers and plastic materials. Unsaturated polymers are particularly suitable for such transfomiations. It seemed to us in 1990 that a complementary approach to radical-initiated copolymerization of ethylene-carbon monoxide would be the reaction of polybutadiene with carbon monoxide under free radical conditions (eq 3). Due to the entropy factors, which are favorable in unimolecular reactions, it was expected that mild experimental conditions would be suitable, i.e. relatively low reaction temperature and pressure. Furthermore, it was hoped to find some special properties in this material containing polycyclopentanonic units. From the chemical point of view, the expectation turned out to be partidly correct. 

The introduction of metallocene and other single-site technologies (Fig. 31) made possible new process/ comonomer combinations, use of novel comonomers such as styrene, norbornene, and carbon monoxide, and seemingly impossible property combinations. Potential adaptation of polyolefin manufacturing technologies to the production of engineering thermoplastics is possible. 

An essential characteristic of cellulose nitrates is their capability of undergoing thermally breaking to give nitrogen, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and water. This spontaneous reaction requires a high activation energy and is self-catalyzed by the decomposition products. The manufacture of explosives (nitrated cotton) is based on this property. 

---