Activated carbon manufacture

Adsorption. Adsorption involves the transfer of a component onto a solid surface. An example is the adsorption of organic vapors by activated carbon. Activated carbon is a highly porous form of carbon manufactured from a variety of carbonaceous raw materials such as coal or wood. The adsorbent may need to be... 

Three other forms of carbon are manufactured on a vast scale and used extensively in industry coke, carbon black, and activated carbon. The production and uses of these impure forms of carbon are briefly discussed in the Panel on p. 274. 

Synthesis activities, EIA, 70 236 Synthesis gas (syngas), 73 766, 77 763 in ammonia synthesis, 2 695-701 carbon monoxide manufacture, 5 ... 

Activated carbon is manufactured from carbonaceous materials, such as petroleum coke, sawdust, lignite, coal, peat, wood, charcoal, nutshells, and fruit pits. Activation is a physical change wherein the surface of the carbon is increased by the removal of hydrocarbons by any one of several methods. The most widely used methods involve treatment of the carbonaceous material with oxidizing gases such as air, steam, or carbon dioxide, and the carbonization of the raw material in the presence of chemical agents such as zinc chloride or phosphoric acid. 

Manufacturing of industrial of industrial carbons, graphite electrodes, anodes, midget electrodes, graphite blocks, graphite crucibles, gas carbons, activated carbon, synthetic diamonds, carbon black, channel black, and lamp black... 

Processes subject to Integrated Pollution Control, Chief inspectors guidance Note Series 2 (S2), Fuel production and Combustion Sector. S2 1.07 Carbonisation and Associated Processes Smokeless Fuel, Activated Carbon and Carbon Black Manufacture, London HMSO, September 1995, ISBN 0-11-753177-4, UK. 

High surface area activated carbon fibers were first prepared by direct carbonization and activation of phenolic fibers in steam/CO2 environment at temperatures around 1000°C (Economy and Lin 1976). These activated carbon flbers, manufactured in the form of a fabric, have received increased attention as adsorbents in air treatment processes. Because these fabrics are easy to handle, there is an increasing demand for them in various applications such as protective fabrics, filtration devices, odor absorbents, and for a wide range of ancillary industrial applications. The high cost of these fabrics has limited their potential use for a number of applications. High cost is also an issue for their use in military applications (Mangun et al. 1999). 

Specialist in Activated Carbon Research, Manufacture, Marketing since 1915... 

The term active or activated carbon refers to carbon materials manufactured by high-temperature (773 to 1273 K) pyrolysis of various vegetative residues (i.e.. 

Active carbons are obtained by partial combustion and foermal decomposition of various raw materials followed by carbonization and activation. A detailed look at the process of pyrolysis and carbonization of a parent feedstock and the processes of generation of an isotropic porous carbon and its activation illustrates the complexity of reactions involved in its manufacturing. Active carbons are manufactured from a wide variety of materials wood [1, 2], coal [1, 2], bituminous coal [29], rubber [30, 31], ahnond shells [32], oil-palm stones [33], polymers (e.g., vinylopyridine resin [34] and polytetrafluoroethylene [35]), phenolic resins [36], rice husk [37], etc. Very interesting active carbon honeycomb structures were fabricated from combination of synthetic precursors, i.e., phenolic resins, along with several organic and inorganic additives [38]. 

Activated carbons are manufactured from a wide range of carbonaceous materials having ash constituents. During the manufacturing process, some of these constituents are retained in the final product as the oxides. For example, silica, alumina, non, and calcium are common in a coal-based carbon. Normally, these ash constituents have a very limited solubility m water and make immeasurably small contributions to the overall treated water quali. In a few applications for cample, at low pH, the water itself may leach some of the acid soluble iron resulting in slight increase in iron levels in the treated effluent, hi some instances where the water is recycled, the slight increase in iron may have a detrimental effect on the overall process. 

Activated Carbons Activated carbons are the most widely used adsorbents in gas and liquid-adsorption processes. They are manufactured from... 

The patent literature on the processes for manufacturing CMS s has been reviewed elsewhere (Cabrera et al., 1993 Armor, 1994), including the Bergbau patents (Munzner et al., 1974 Munzner et al., 1976) and Japanese patents (Eguchi et al., 1974 Ohsaki and Abe, 1984). The general procedure is the same, that is, carbonization/activation followed by carbon deposition, as described below. 

Primary alcohol ethoxylates are an important class of detergent feedstock for anionic active manufacture. They are made by the addition of ethylene oxide to a primary alcohol in the presence of an alkaline catalyst. The addition of the second ethylene oxide molecule to the alcohol is kinetically favoured in comparison with the addition of the first ethylene oxide, hence the product of ethoxylation contains a distribution of ethylene oxide chain lengths attached to the alcohol along with the starting alcohol itself. Consequently the physical, detergency and biodegradation characteristics are affected not only by the carbon chain length distribution as is the case for primary alcohols, but also by the ethylene oxide distribution which in turn can be supplier dependent. 

Currently, activated carbon is manufactured from a variety of starting materials, that is, precursors, including different types of wood, nutshells, coal, peat, lignite, polymers, and various agricultural by-products. These precursors are usually high in carbon content. The qualities and characteristics of activated carbon depend on the physical and chemical properties of the starting materials and activation... 

Both FMl/250 and FMl/700 samples show similar relative concentrations of C-C carbon, regardless of differences during their activation manufacturing process. Slight difference in relative concentrations of ether and carbonyl groups in both non-treated ACC samples are probably due to the above activation differences. 

Activated carbons are made by first preparing a carbonaceous char with low surface area followed by controlled oxidation in air, carbon dioxide, or steam. The pore-size distributions of the resulting products are highly dependent on both the raw materials and the conditions used in their manufacture, as maybe seen in Figure 7 (42). 

The removal of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from air is most often accompHshed by TSA. Air streams needing treatment can be found in most chemical and manufacturing plants, especially those using solvents. At concentrations from 500 to 15,000 ppm, recovery of the VOC from steam used to regenerate activated carbon adsorbent thermally is economically justified. Concentrations above 15,000 ppm ate typically in the explosive range and... 

Nuts have many uses, both industrial and domestic. For instance, the ivory nut, or tagua, is a source material for the manufacture of buttons and turnery articles. The kola nut supplies ingredients for popular cola beverages in the United States (see Carbonated beverages). StTychnos nux-vomica provides the important medicine and poison, strychnine. The areca or betel nut is chewed by the Indian and Malayan people as a narcotic a slice of the nut is placed in a leaf of the pepper plant Piper betle) together with a pinch of lime the mixture is an acrid, astringent narcotic that dyes the mouth red, blackens and destroys the teeth. The areca nut contains, among other alkaloids, arecoline, an active anthelminthic widely used in veterinary practice for the treatment of tapeworm infections. 

---