Carbon steel manufacture

Most recovery boilers use 63,5 mm OD carbon steel tubes in the generating bank. With a few exceptions these tubes are swaged at the ends to 50,8 mm. When the 63,5 mm raw tube is manufactured it is subject to a lot of specifications i.e. ASME. There are no specifications for the swaged end of the tube. This is unfortunate as the swaged part of the tube is subjected to further mechanical deformation dtuing the rolling procedure and is located in a wastage zone of tire recovery boiler. 

Production and Shipment. Estimated adiponitrile production capacities in the U.S. in 1992 were about 625 thousand metric tons and worldwide capacity was in excess of lO metric tons. The DOT/IMO classification for adiponitrile is class 6.1 hazard, UN No. 2205. It requires a POISON label on all containers and is in packing group III. Approved materials of constmction for shipping, storage, and associated transportation equipment are carbon steel and type 316 stainless steel. Either centrifugal or positive displacement pumps may be used. Carbon dioxide or chemical-foam fire extinguishers should be used. There are no specifications for commercial adiponitrile. The typical composition is 99.5 wt % adiponitrile. Impurities that may be present depend on the method of manufacture, and thus, vary depending on the source. 

Aqueous formaldehyde is corrosive to carbon steel, but formaldehyde in the vapor phase is not. AH parts of the manufacturing equipment exposed to hot formaldehyde solutions must be a corrosion-resistant alloy such as type-316 stainless steel. Theoretically, the reactor and upstream equipment can be carbon steel, but in practice alloys are required in this part of the plant to protect the sensitive silver catalyst from metal contamination. 

Larger volume cycloaUphatic amines and diamines, their worldwide major manufacturers and approximate January 1990 prices are shown in Table 4. Shipment of these Hquid products is by nitrogen-blanketed tank tmck or tank car. Dmm shipments are usually in carbon steel, DOT-17E. 

The uses of steel are too diverse to be Hsted completely or to serve as a basis of classification. Inasmuch as grades of steel are produced by more than one process, classification by method of manufacture is not advantageous. The most useful classification is by chemical composition into the large groups of carbon steels, alloy steels, and stainless steels. Within these groups are many subdivisions based on chemical composition, physical or mechanical properties, or uses. 

The U-tube exchanger with copper tubes, cast-iron header, and other parts of carbon steel is used for water and steam services in office buildings, schools, hospitals, hotels, etc. Nonferrous tube sheets and admiralty or 90-10 copper-nickel tubes are the most frequently used substitute materials. These standard exchangers are available from a number of manufacturers at costs far below those of custom-built process-industry equipment. 

Manufacturing tolerances for steel, stainless-steel, and nickel-alloy tubes are such that the tubing is produced to either average or minimum wall thickness. Seamless carbon steel tube of minimum wall thickness may vaiy from 0 to 20 percent above the nominal wall thickness. Average-wall seamless tubing has an allowable variation of plus or minus 10 percent. Welded carbon steel tube is produced to closer tolerances (0 to plus 18 percent on minimum wall plus or minus 9 percent on average wall). Tubing of aluminum, copper, and their alloys can be drawn easily and usually is made to minimum wall specifications. 

Although the containment dike was large enough to hold the entire contents of the lank, the lank ruptured so suddenly that a torrent of 3.8 million gallons generated a wave of oil Uiat splashed over the embankment. The tank, 56 feel high and 120 feet in diameter, was erected in 1986 on a newly enlarged concrete foundation that previously had supported a smaller receptacle. The tiuik was constructed of steel 40 years old, which presumably contains less carbon and was more brittle lh ui steel manufactured more recently. 

Figure 12-7. Piston rods. Precision-manufactured rolled threads and induction hardening provide high fatigue strength and long life in heavy duty service. Standard rod material is AISI 4142 carbon steel other materials are available as required. Tungsten carbide coatings are also available for maximum surface hardness. Pistons are locked securely onto the rods. For higher pressure, smaller bore cylinders, the piston may be integral with the rod. (Used by permission Bui. 85084, 1992. Dresser-Rand Company.)...

When equipment uses materials of construction other than carbon steel, or operating temperatures are extreme, the capital cost needs to be adjusted accordingly. Whilst the equipment cost and its associated pipework will be changed, the other installation costs will be largely unchanged, whether the equipment is manufactured from carbon steel or exotic materials of construction. Thus, the application of the factors from Tables 2.2 to 2.6 should only be applied to the equipment and pipework ... 

Carbon steel cannot be used in the production of most polymers because even trace amounts of iron discolor the product. In polymer manufacturing, usually glass-lined or stainless steel equipment must be used. Glass-lined or stainless steel equipment is required for any product that may be ingested by man. This includes all foods, pharmaceuticals, and food additives. 

Coke. Metallurgical coke is obtained by high-temperature carbonization of coal. It is a poorly graphitized form of carbon it is mainly used in blast furnace for steel manufacture (see Iron, 5.10). 

SEAL MANUFACTURER TUBING 0 CARBON STEEL PIPE S STAINLESS STEEL 0 AUXILIARY FLUSH PLAN... 

Before insulation is installed, carbon steel surfaces between 32°F and 200°F (0°C and 93°C) should be prepared and painted in accordance with manufacturer s recommendations. A vapor barrier should be provided over the outer layer of the insulation. Minimum thickness of insulation for fireproofing should be 2 in (5 cm). Moisture contamination to the insulation should be avoided to prevent damage to the insulation as a result of steam pressure caused by a fire. 

The major source of carbon tetrachloride in air is industrial emissions. Carbon tetrachloride has been detected in surface water, groundwater and drinking-water as a result of industrial and agricultural activities. Carbon tetrachloride has also been found in wastewater from iron and steel manufacturing, foundries, metal finishing, paint and ink formulations, petroleum refining and nonferrous metal manufacturing industries (United States National Library of Medicine, 1997). 

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