Manufacture carbon black

Some work was done on the development of a process for the utilization of scrap rubber as feed for carbon black. Ground scrap rubber, presumably fabric-free, is heated with conventional carbon black feed stock oil, and the mixture utilized in a conventional furnace type carbon black reactor. Apparently, this process is not economically attractive. 

---

Part 457 explosives manufacturing point source category Part 458 carbon black manufacturing point source category... 

Until the end of World War II, coal tar was the main source of these aromatic chemicals. However, the enormously increased demands by the rapidly expanding plastics and synthetic-fiber industries have greatly outstripped the potential supply from coal carbonization. This situation was exacerbated by the cessation of the manufacture in Europe of town gas from coal in the eady 1970s, a process carried out preponderantly in the continuous vertical retorts (CVRs), which has led to production from petroleum. Over 90% of the world production of aromatic chemicals in the 1990s is derived from the petrochemical industry, whereas coal tar is chiefly a source of anticorrosion coatings, wood preservatives, feedstocks for carbon-black manufacture, and binders for road surfacings and electrodes. 

Timber-preservation creosotes are mainly blends of wash oil, strained anthracene oil, and heavy oil having minor amounts of oils boiling in the 200—250°C range. Coal-tar creosote is also a feedstock for carbon black manufacture (see Carbon, carbon black). Almost any blend of tar oils is suitable for this purpose, but the heavier oils are preferred. Other smaller markets for creosote were for fluxing coal tar, pitch, and bitumen in the manufacture of road binders and for the production of horticultural winter wash oils and disinfectant emulsions. 

The ash content of furnace blacks is normally a few tenths of a percent but in some products may be as high as one percent. The chief sources of ash are the water used to quench the hot black from the reactors during manufacture and for wet pelletizing the black. The hardness of the water, and the amount used determines the ash content of the products. The ash consists principally of the salts and oxides of calcium, magnesium, and sodium and accounts for the basic pH (8—10) commonly found in furnace blacks. In some products potassium, in small amounts, is present in the ash content. Potassium salts are used in most carbon black manufacture to control stmcture and mbber vulcanizate modulus (22). The basic mineral salts and oxides have a slight accelerating effect on the vulcanization reaction in mbber. 

Table 13. U.S. Carbon Black Manufacturers Nameplate Capacities, 1988...

Association (ICB A), an organisation consisting of carbon black manufacturers inNorth America and Europe. Aspects covered include not only the occupational health research sponsored by the ICB A, but also an overview of the major health perspectives associated with carbon black and their corresponding regulatory implications. 19 refs. 

The four basic carbon black manufacturing processes are either of the partial combustion type (the channel, oil furnace, or gas furnace process) or of the cracking type (the thermal process). 

Limiting our discussion to a carbon black manufacturing system for the production of tread grades in a furnace reactor, these systems have been discussed in detail in a number of articles, viz., Smith and Bean (35), Austin (4), Burgess (5), and Stokes (36), just to name a few. 

Once the specification has been defined, the carbon black manufacturer can produce a grade of black to that target. First, the particle size is fixed by the selection of a particular grade of black, the structure level and surface area may be targeted by the proper selection of process variables. 

These two graphs show the effect of the three fundamental characteristics of carbon black on rubber properties. The rubber properties obtained from using a particular carbon black are, therefore, dependent upon the respective properties built into the carbon black by the manufacturer. It is obvious that the carbon black manufacturer must have a well-developed process, a full knowledge of the materials he will use, and a complete understanding of the effect of process variables upon each of the properties of each grade of carbon black to be produced. 

Processes subject to Integrated Pollution Control, Chief inspectors guidance Note Series 2 (S2), Fuel production and Combustion Sector. S2 1.07 Carbonisation and Associated Processes Smokeless Fuel, Activated Carbon and Carbon Black Manufacture, London HMSO, September 1995, ISBN 0-11-753177-4, UK. 

Carbon black manufacture from carbon-rich raw materials by ... 

Furnace black processes currently account for more than 95% of the carbon black manufactured. A great advantage of such processes is their flexibility in producing different carbon black types, types with primary particle sizes between 10 and 80 nm being producible. 

Furnace black proce.sse.s now the mo.st flexible and important processes, 95% of carbon black manufactured using these processes... 

The Oil-Fumace Process has superior efficiency and economy. It is also the most versatile process, allowing production of most grades important for industry. Table 2.1 outlines differences between carbon blacks manufactured in five processes. 

Table 2.1. Typical properties of carbon blacks manufactured in different processes.

Dispersion is also an important factor. Light reflection depends on the surface area of carbon black after dispersion. If large agglomerates are present light reflection (and UV protection and opacity) is reduced. It is a frequent practice to use fully dispersed masterbatches offered either by carbon black manufacturers or compounders to achieve good results. ... 

Carbon black manufacture Leather tanning and flnishing... 

Standards AppUeuhlv to Ruhher Testing developed hy Committee Dll on Ruhher D4484 Determining Precision for Test Method Standards in Rubber and Carbon Black Manufacturing Industries... 

---