Coding systems

For a review of different coding systems see, for example J.E. Ash, W.A. Warr, P. Willett, Chemical Structure Systems, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, UK, 1991. 

With the advent of on-line searching in the 1970s, the Derwent file was one of the first to go on-line. It had subject retrieval capabiUty by the manual and punch code systems, tide terms, IPC, and broad subject groupings called Derwent classes, whose primary function had been to allocate patents to appropriate segments of the Derwent system. By 1981, abstracts were added to the database, after which abstracts for the entire back-file were added. 

Nor is it tme that poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) packaging are hsted as 1 and 2 in the Society of the Plastics Industry (SPI) recycling coding system because they are the most recyclable. The numbers assigned to each plastic in the SPI coding system are purely arbitrary and do not redect the material s recyclabihty. 

A spinoff from the UPC bar code is the European Article Numbering (EAN) bar code system. EAN numbers are based on the UPC bar code guidelines. For distribution outside North America, these bar codes are unique and different in the number of characters per code and the computer data base related to each code. 

The first stage toward producing an accurate estimate is to use a standard cost code for all construction projects. Table 9-45 shows a suitable numerical cost code, and Table 9-46 shows a typical alphabetical-numerical code. The cost-code system can be used throughout the estimating and construction stages for the collection of cost data by manual or computer methods. There are numerous types of fixed-capital-cost estimates, but in 1958 the American Association of Cost Engineers defined five types as follows ... 

Where products are sold at retail to consumers it is necessary to have a Universal Product Code (UPC) printed on its label. The Universal Product Codes are assigned by the Uniform Code Counsel, 8163 Old Yankee Road, Suite J, Dayton, Ohio 45458. With the bar coding system, the information which is most meaningful to its user can be represented. This can include numeric and alpha (word) representations. 

Section 313 requires that reports be filed by facilities," which are defined as all buildings, equipment, structures, and other stationary items which are located on a single site or on contiguous or adjacent sites and which are owned or operated by the same person." The SIC code system, however, classifies business establishments," which are defined as distinct and separate economic activities [thatj are performed at a single physical location."... 

Establishments, in the SIC code system, are to be treated as separate activities. In many cases, a section 313 iacllity Is the same as an "establishment" as defined by the SIC code system. 

The SIC code system defines business "establlshmenls as "distinct and separata economic activities [that] are performed at a single physical location." Under section 372.30(c) of the reporting rule, you may submit a separate Form R for each establishment, or for groups of establishments, in your covered facility, provided that all releases of the toxic chemicals... 

Some equipment code systems number all items on first process flowsheet with 100 series, as C-101, C-102, P-106 to represent compressors number 101 and 102 in different services and pump 106 as the sixth pump on the sheet. The second sheet uses the 200 series, etc. This has some engineering convenience but is not always clear from the process view. 

Hazardous materials and an international coding system for identification. Many water treatment chemical formulations contain hazardous materials, which need special handling and transportation. 

Adverse events need to be coded consistently with respect to letter case. Problems can occur when there is discordant coding using all capital letters, all lower-case letters, or combinations thereof, as computer software will interpret these capitalization variations as different events. Letter case sensitivity can be important when two or more words are used to describe an adverse event. For example, some databases utilizing the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) coding dictionary employ a coding system in which only the first letter of the first word of an adverse event is capitalized (e.g., Atrioventricular block complete ). Failing to adhere to uniform letter case conventions across the data can result in severe errors in data analysis. 

SORT PREFERRED TERM DATA FROM MEDDRA WHERE PREFERRED TERM = PREFERRED TERM, SOC CODE = SYSTEM ORGAN CLASS CODE, AND PT CODE = PREFERRED TERM CODE. proc sort... 

However, if a triplet genetic code system really did exist around 3.5 billion years ago, an RNA strand containing about 100 nucleotides would only have been able to code for a maximum of 33 amino acids. With 33 amino acids, the polypeptide formed would have been only two thirds as long as the insulin molecule, and it is doubtful whether such a chain length would have sufficed for an active replication system. 

Now, most metal ion/organic molecule chemical reactions inside cells also come to equilibrium rapidly. The organic products, made irreversibly available by synthesis under feedback control, contain a broad set of possible binding sites for selected metal ions mainly in soluble proteins (enzymes) and in the pumps for uptake or rejection managed at the cell membrane, as well as in the factors, transcription factors, necessary for controlled production of those organic products under the direction of the coded system. These ion-selective binding sites are common to all cells so that while all cells are based on similar major organic reactions and similar but specific biopolymer products, they also have in common a set of... 

Development of computer code system for analyzing the heat/mass balance, dynamic process simulation, supporting the component design works, etc. 

American Petroleum Institute (API), Publication 1637 Using the API Color Code System to Mark Equipment and Vehicles For Product Identification at Service Stations and Distribution Terminals. First Edition, API, Washington, D.C., 1986. 

Manual code system, in searching patent literature, 18 223-225 Manual of Classification, 18 209 Manuals of Policies and Procedures (MAPPs), 13 688 Manufactured carbon, 4 735 Manufactured fibers, 11 165, 174-175 24 613-614, 616-618. See also Regenerated fibers Synthetic fibers olefin, 11 231-242 regenerated cellulose, 11 247 Manufactured graphite, 4 735 Manufactured products, nanotechnology and, 17 44-45 Manufactured water, 26 96 Manufacturing... 

Society of Flavor Chemists, Inc., 11 563 Society of Rheology nomenclature, 21 704 Society of the Plastics Industry, The (SPI) on PVC recycling, 25 680 recycling coding system of, 25 681 Sociopolitical dimensions, of sustainable development, 24 189—190 Socks (mid-calf)... 

Implementing automated product identification systems for inventory control. Bar code systems can code incoming products with information regarding composition, compatibility, storage location, and quantity. 

Table 5.60. Magnesium alloys standard ASTM system of alloy (and temper) designation. An example of commercial alloy coding system.

Ekman, P. Friesen, W. 1978. Facial Action Coding system. Palo Alto, CA Consulting Psychologists Press. 

RuleMaker is a knowledge extraction utility for building and testing the decision logic contained within Radial modules. The logic is specified as a table of examples of correct expert decisions for each module. RuleMaker transforms each example set into an equivalent decision tree, and automatically generates the body of the module in the form of Radial code. System builders may also choose to enter Radial code directly, although they usually prefer to work with example tables. 

It is to be stressed, however, that the geometric interpretation of the parameter estimates obtained using coded factor levels is usually different from the interpretation of those parameter estimates obtained using uncoded factor levels. As an illustration, pj (the intercept in the coded system) represents the response at the center of the experimental design, whereas Pq (the intercept in the uncoded system) represents the response at the origin of the original coordinate system the two estimates (Pq and Pq) are usually quite different numerically. This difficulty will not be important in the remainder of this book, and we will feel equally free to use either coded or uncoded factor levels as the examples require. Later, in Section 11.5, we will show how to translate coded parameter estimates back into uncoded parameter estimates. 

Factorial designs are usually discussed in terms of coded factor spaces. Table 14.1 shows some of the common coding systems for two- and three-level designs. Our emphasis in this chapter will be on the two-level designs. 

Common coding systems for two- and three-level factorial designs. 

---