Major fatty acids myristic

Despite the large variety of potential fatty acid components in natural-occurring phosphodiglycerides, only three major fatty acid derivatives of synthetic phospholipids are commonly used in liposome preparation (1) myristic acid (w-tetradecanoic acid containing 14 carbons), (2) palmitic acid (w-hexadecanoic acid containing 16 carbons), and (3) stearic acid (w-octadccanoic acid containing 18 carbons) (Fig. 334). 

Seong-Sil-Kang et al. (36) studied wastes from squid processing factories because they contain high levels of EPA and DHA. Extractions were performed with and without 3% ethanol as entrainer in a semi continuous flow extractor with pressures in the range of 83-138 bar and temperatures of 25-50°C to improve the extraction efficiency. The extracts they obtained contained high levels of DHA, EPA and other PUPA. Highest extraction yield was achieved at 124 bar and 40°C with or without ethanol. Major fatty acids detected in the extracts (in addition to DHA and EPA) were myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid and arachidic acid. 

The major fatty acids in PKO are Cn (lauric acid) at about 48%, Cm (myristic acid) at about 16% and 18 1 (oleic acid) at about 15% (Codex 2001). No other fatty acid is present at more than 10%. The heavy preponderance of a single saturated fatty acid, combined with low levels of unsaturation, gives the oil its steep melting profile. 

Certain major fatty acids vary widely among the species, e.g., 1.6-8.0% myristic acid 0.5-33.4% pcLLmitic acid 2.0-11.2% palmitoleic acid 5.2-29.1% oleic acid 0.7-10.5% eicosenoic acid ... 

Some results for the effects of addition of different lipid compounds on loaf volume of a base flour are shown in Figure 7.10 (Sroan 2007). The natural lipid from flour has been separated into two fractions polar and nonpolar. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) of the fractions is shown in Figure 7.11. Polar lipids comprise mainly galactolipids and phospholipids. Their addition enhances loaf volume. In contrast, the nonpolar fraction, which comprises mono-, di-, and triglycerides and free fatty acids as the main components, causes depression of the loaf volume. The unsaturated linoleic acid, which is the major fatty acid in wheat, also depresses loaf volume, whereas the saturated palmitic acid has no effect. Another saturated fatty acid, myristic acid, affected loaf volume negatively. 

Although the number of fatty acids detected in plant tissues approaches 300, most of them only occur in a few plant species (Hitchcock and Nichols, 1971). The major fatty acids are all saturated or unsaturated monocarboxylic acids with an unbranched even-numbered carbon chain. The saturated fatty acids, lauric (dodecanoic), myristic (tetradecanoic), palmitic (hexadeca-noic), and stearic (octadecanoic), and the unsaturated fatty acids, oleic (cis-9-octadecenoic), linoleic (c/5 -9,cw-12-octadecadienoic), and linolenic (all-cij-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic (Table I), together account for almost all of the fatty acid content of higher plants. For example, about 94% of the total fatty acids of commercial oils and 89-97% of leaf fatty acids consist of these seven structures alone. It will be noted that the unsaturated acids all contain a cis-9 double bond and that the polyunsaturated acids contain a methylene-interrupted structure. The four saturated fatty acids differ from each other by two carbons. These structural relationships are due to the principal pathways of fatty acid biosynthesis in plants (see Stumpf, this volume. Chapter 7). 

Bovine milk fat is made up of 97-98 (wt% of total lipids) triacylglycerols accompanied by much smaller amounts of diacylglycerols (0.36%) and monoacylglyc-erols (0.03%), free cholesterol (0.31%), trace amounts of cholesteryl esters, phospholipids (0.60%), and minor amounts of free fatty acids. For reviews of the composition of bovine milk lipids, the reader is referred to Christie (4) and Jensen and Clarke (5). More than 400 fatty acids have been identified in milk fat, although it is generally accepted that 15 major and 12 minor fatty acids dominate the fatty acid spectrum. The major fatty acids found in milk are long chain (Cj. , myristic Ci6-o. palmitic Cjg., stearic Cjg.j, oleic) and the minor fatty acids are short chain... 

The principal non-volatile constituents of the cornicle droplets of A. pisum and Myzus persicae were reported by Strong (1967) to be triglycerides. In M persicae, the major fatty acid is myristic acid. Callow et al. (1973) later examined the cornicle droplets of 28 aphid species and confirmed triglycerides... 

Azima tetracantha is a flowering shrub that grows in India with a seed oil content of 12% (Daulatabad et al., 1991). Major fatty acids are linoleic (28.8%), linolenic acid (22%) and oleic acid (15.3%), with smaller amounts of palmitic (5.2%), myristic (4.2%), lauric (3.5%) and stearic (1.6%). This seed contains three unusual fatty acids ricinoleic (9.8%), malvalic (4.0%) and sterculic (5.6%). 

The GLC analysis of the fatty acid content was very similar to the Israeli variety with oleic acid (44.25%) as the major fatty acid followed by lauric (17.35%), myristic (11.45%), palmitic (10.3%) and linoleic acid (8.45%). Stearic acid (2.8%) and capric acid (2.78%) were present in low amounts. The degree of unsaturation was 52-54% (Sawaya et al., 1984). 

Many primary fatty amides which are available from various manufacturers are Hsted in Table 3. In 1986 approximately 55,000 metric tons of amides and bisamides were produced world wide (58), the majority of which are bisamides, followed in volume by primary amides. Most of these products are shipped in sohd form in bag or dmm quantities. Major producers of primary fatty amides are Akzo, Glyco, Humko, and Sherex. Bisamides are produced by Akzo, Milacron, and Syntex. There are over 100 producers of alkanolamides in the world, most of which are small specialized manufacturers to a specific industry. GAP, Henkel, Sherex, and Witco are among the principal producers. The most widely used alkanolamides are the Ai,Ai-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) fatty amides, mostly produced from middle-cut coco fatty acids (6% capryflc, 7% capric, 51% lauric, 19% myristic, 9% palmitic, and 2% stearic acids). An estimated 77,000 metric tons of alkanolamide was produced worldwide in 1986 (59). 

The traditional major source for the nonionic surfactant industry is fatty acid triglycerides from both animal and vegetable sources as the saturated or unsaturated acids. The saturated acids include lauric acid (w-dodecanoic), myristic acid (n-tetradecanoic), palmitic acid ( -hexadecanoic),and stearic acid (n-octadecanoic). The unsaturated acids include oleic acid (Z-9-octadecenoic) and linoleic acid (Z,Z-9,12-octadecadienoic). Of the 200 non-ionic surfactants... 

Palmitic and stearic acids are the major saturated fatty acid constituents of most animal and plant tissues. Much smaller amounts of other saturated fatty acids are present in most natural sources. Low concentrations of myristic acid (n-tetradecanoic acid 14 0) and lauric acid (n-dodecanoic acid 12 0) have been detected in certain tissues. 

Dates Phoenix dactylifera L.) are popular in most Middle Eastern countries and serve as a major source of food and nutrients (51, 52). Oil contents and fatty acid profiles of date seeds may vary among individual varieties. Date seeds contained 20-24% total fat (49). Oleic acid was the primary fatty acid in the date seed oil and had a concentration of 43.5 5% of total fatty acids. This was followed by lauric (12 0), myristic (14 0), palmitic (16 0), linoleic (18 2n6), capric (10 0), and stearic (18 0) acids along with trace amounts of other fatty acids (Table 7). Date seed oil may serve as an excellent dietary source of oleic acid with a minor amount of linoleic acid. 

Data presented in previous sections revealed that the concentration of FFAs in plasma may reach 2.0 mM during exercise. How is this possible when the highest attainable concentration in water is only about 0,1 mM This problem was resolved by nature by use of albumin as a vehicle for the transport of FFAs within the circulation. Albumin constitutes about 60% of the protein of blood plasma. It is a major carrier of FFAs, other metabolites, hormones, and drugs- Serum albumin has the capadty to carry several fatty adds. Figure 4.45 shows results from an experiment usingpurificdalbumin.Thenumberoffattyacid molecules bound per protein molecule is plotted versus the concentration of unbound fatty acids in solution. The study, conducted with lauric acid (12 carbons) and myristic add (14 carbons), demonstrates that one protein molecule is able to bind at least 8 or 9 molecules of fatty acid. Albumin has a molecular weight of 69 kDa and occurs in human plasma at a concentration of about 0.6 mM (40 mg/ml) (Halliwell, 1988). 

Palmihc add (16 0) iS the primary saturated fatty acid in most diets. This compound constitutes about 25% of the fatty acids of beef or pork fat, but only 6-10% of Ihc fatly acids of sunflower, safflower, peanut, or soy oils (see Table 6.8). Dietary palmitic add increases LDL-cholesterol (Grundy and Denke, 1990), Myrislic acid (14 0) is present at high levels in butter fat and in the "tropical oils" palm oil and coconut oil. Although myristic add elevates LDL-cholesterol, it is generally a rather minor component of the diet. Stearic acid (18 0) is also a major component... 

As previously mentioned, the triglycerides found in biomass are esters of the triol, glycerol, and fatty acids (Fig. 3.6). These water-insoluble, oil-soluble esters are common in many biomass species, especially the oilseed crops, but the concentrations are small compared to those of the polysaccharides and lignins. Many saturated fatty acids have been identified as constituents of the lipids. Surprisingly, almost all the fatty acids that have been found in natural lipids are straight-chain acids containing an even number of carbon atoms. Most lipids in biomass are esters of two or three fatty acids, the most common of which are lauric (Cn), myristic (Cu), palmitic (Cia), oleic (Cis), and linoleic (Cis) acids. Palmitic acid is of widest occurrence and is the major constituent (35 to 45%) of the fatty acids of palm oil. Lauric acid is the most abundant fatty acid of palm-kemel oil (52%), coconut oil (48%), and babassu nut oil (46%). The monounsaturated oleic acid and polyunsaturated linoleic acid comprise about 90% of sunflower oil fatty acids. Linoleic acid is the dominant fatty acid in com oil (55%), soybean oil (53%), and safflower oil (75%). Saturated fatty acids of 18 or more carbon atoms are widely distributed, but are usually present in biomass only in trace amounts, except in waxes. 

The major long-chained fatty acids, either free or bound, in tobacco are lauric acid (Cjj), myristic acid (Cj4), palmitic acid (Cj ), stearic acid (Cjj), oleic acid (Cjj, 1 carbon-carbon double bond), linoleic acid (Cjj, 2 carbon-carbon double bonds), and linolenic acid (Cjj, 3 carbon-carbon double bonds). However, bound and free acids in tobacco (and in tobacco smoke) are not limited to acids with even-numbered carbon chains [Beilin (258, 259), Rodgman et al. (3294), Swain and Stedman (3842, 25A72), Wynder and Hoffmann (4332)]. 

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