Tropical oils

A USDA report indicates that between 1967 and 1988, butter consumption remained stable at 2 kg per capita, margarine dropped from 5.1 to 4.7 kg, and measured total fat intake per day dropped from 84.6 to 73.3 g (14). This study also projects that the reduced consumption of tropical oils is only temporary and will return to former use levels, possibly even higher. One reason for this projected rise in tropical oil consumption is the knowledge of the beneficial effects of medium-chain length acids high in lauric oils. There is a keen interest in omega-3 fatty acids, as well as linoleic acid, contained in fish oils. 

The production of biodiesel from low quality oils such as animal fats, greases, and tropical oils is challenging due to the presence of undesirable components especially FFA and water. A pre-treatment step is required when using such high fatty-acid feedstock. Generally, this esterification pre-treatment employs liquid sulfuric acid catalyst which must subsequently be neutralized and either disposed of or recycled. However, requirement of high temperature, high molar ratio of alcohol to FFA, separation of the catalyst, enviromnental and corrosion related problems make its use costly for biodiesel production. 

What can be done to prevent atherosclerosis For persons with a high LDL level there is little doubt that a decreased dietary intake of cholesterol and a decrease in caloric intake are helpful. While such dietary restriction may be beneficial to the entire population, controlled studies of the effect of dietary modification on atherosclerosis have been disappointing and confusing.33 A diet that is unhealthy for some may be healthy for others. For example, an 88-year old man who ate 25 eggs a day for many years had a normal plasma cholesterol level of 150-200 mg / deciliter (3.9-5.2 mM) bb Comparisons of diets rich in unsaturated fatty acids, palmitic acid, or stearic acid have also been confusing.cc cd/dd Can it be true that palmitic acid from tropical oils and other plant sources promotes atherogenesis, but that both unsaturated fatty acids and stearic acid from animal fats are less dangerous ... 

The tropical oil crops, coconut and palm, are the most efficient oil-producing crops, with coconut plantations yielding up to 2 tonnes per hectare of oil and the best performing palm plantations from 5-6 tonnes per hectare. By comparison, oil yields of temperate oil crops are typically of the order of 1-2 tonnes per hectare for the best oil-yielding crops (oilseed rape and sunflower). Clearly, Table 2.1 represents only a small fraction of oil-bearing plant species. Many other seed, fruit and nut oils are extracted for food use, however unless they contain fatty acid profiles or fatty acid derivatives of specific industrial interest, total oil-yield, fatty acid yield and cost of the final oil product tends to limit their use in industrial applications on all but a small or localised scale. 

Cocoa butter (CB) has a challenging chemistry and has attracted many efforts to develop lower cost, acceptable alternatives. The following definitions provide a quick introduction to this field (1) cocoa butter equivalents (CBEs) are compounded mostly from tropical oils other than palm. Because their melting and crystallization properties closely resemble CB, they are compatible as diluents at all levels of substitution (2) cocoa butter replacers (CBRs) are made from nondairy oils (typically soybean, cottonseed, or palm) partially hydrogenated for maximum trans-CIS isomer formation to acquire a steep melting profile. They are best used for enrobing bakery products, but their melting profiles can be improved by chill fractionation and (3) cocoa butter substitutes (CBSs) are made primarily from... 

When doctors came to the realization that fat was associated with cholesterol levels, they threw the baby out with the bath water, recommending a diet that was low in all fat, not just the saturated fats in meats, dairy, and the tropical oils. Yes, when men and women followed that diet, levels of their bad LDL cholesterol came down—but so did the good HDL that protects the heart. And amounts of an independently harmful blood fat, triglycerides, went up. For all their efforts, after giving up a lot of the foods they enjoyed, such people were actually worse off than before. 

The term tropical oils is correctly applied to oils and fats produced in the tropics and refers particularly to the (highly saturated) lauric oils (Sections 5.3 and 5.10) and to palm oil (Section 5.9). This term is frequently and unfairly used in a derogatory sense, partly through ignorance about the difference in fatty acid composition and use between lauric oils and palm oil and of the considerable nutritional value of the latter. 

Laurie Oils There are two major lauric oils—coconut oil and palm-kernel oil. Both are tropical oils, and both are tree crops. They differ from all other commodity oils in their higher level of medium chain acids, especially lauric, and slightly from one another as shown in Table 2(b). They find limited use in food products and are used extensively in the production of surface-active compounds. For more information, see Sections 5.3 and 5.10. 

Solid Fat Index. This analysis has become the most important criterion for the melting behavior and crystalline structure of fats and oils products. It determines the proportion of solid and liquid materials at a given temperature. The solid fat index (SFI) analysis is an empirical measure of the solid fat content. It is calculated from the specific volume at various temperatures using a dilatometric scale graduated in units of milliliters times 1000. Values for the solid contents are usually determined at 50°F, 70°F, 80°F, 92°F, and 104°F or 10°C, 21.1°C, 26.7°C, 33.3°C, and 40°C. Unlike the tropical oils, cottonseed and the other oleic- and lino-leic-classification oils do not contain any significant quantity of triglycerides made up of two or three saturated fatty acids therefore, the solid fat index at the lowest temperature usually measured would have minimal values. Natural cottonseed oil can have a solid fat index content at 50°F or 10°C but not at the higher temperature measurements. 

Plant sterols identified in this oil consist mainly of p-sitosterol and campesterol (Table 4). About 4% brassicasterol was detected in the oU, which is typical for Brassica family plants (51). The total content of sterols in oil is comparable with other commercial oils (Tables 2 and 4). The presence of cholesterol in camelina oil makes it unique among vegetable oils, where only a trace has been detected in some tropical oils (51). 

Dietary FUFAs decrease Ihc plasma LDL-cholesierol level. Vegetable oils contain high levels of PUFAs such a linoleic add (18 2), which constitutes about 25, 50, 63, and 75% of the fatty adds in peanut, soy, sunflower, and safflower oils, respectively. The quantity of 18 2 in beef and pork fat is only 5-10% and is under 3% in tropical oils. PUFAs produce decreases in LDL-cholestcrol, possibly by the same (unknown) mechanism as monounsaturates. The question of whether dietary FUFAs have a greater or similar effect on LDL-cholesterol remains unsettled. 

Palmihc add (16 0) iS the primary saturated fatty acid in most diets. This compound constitutes about 25% of the fatty acids of beef or pork fat, but only 6-10% of Ihc fatly acids of sunflower, safflower, peanut, or soy oils (see Table 6.8). Dietary palmitic add increases LDL-cholesterol (Grundy and Denke, 1990), Myrislic acid (14 0) is present at high levels in butter fat and in the "tropical oils" palm oil and coconut oil. Although myristic add elevates LDL-cholesterol, it is generally a rather minor component of the diet. Stearic acid (18 0) is also a major component... 

Tiiiodotbyiwiine (731, 733-734, 826 Tiimelhyllysiiie, 224-225 Tripalinitatc, chemical structure, 23 tRNA (transfer RNAJ, 34,38 tRNA-guaninc transglycosylase, 150 Tropical oils, 362 Tropical sprue, 152 Tidponin, 790,793 Trypsin, 63,88... 

Though the primary business of soybean processing is to produce animal protein feed, 17 to 20% of the soybean is an oil coproduct. In the 1960s, human health concerns about cholesterol caused an increase in demand for soybean oil. Food manufacturers shifted away from animal by-products as a source of fat or oil. Then in the 1970s, concerns arose about saturated fats from tropical oils. This caused another spike in demand as U.S. food manufacturers switched from palm oil to less saturated oils, such as soy. These events created significant opportunities for soybean oil to become the preferred oil for food manufacturers. Now evidence links the presence of trans-fatty acids, found in processed soybean oil, with heart disease. For some products, soybean oil is partially hydrogenated to improve products appearance, stability,... 

The production of biodiesel can occur using a variety of feedstocks. Alternative sources can be other oilseeds, tropical oils, waste oils, and animal fat. Soybean oil is plentiful and relatively inexpensive because it is a by-product of soybean meal production. In this way, it makes sense for the early stages of bioenergy development in the United States to use readily available soybean oil supplies and the associated... 

Coconut oil, also known as coconut butter, is a tropical oil with many applications. It is extracted from copra, which means dried coconut and is a product of the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera). Coconut oil (about 3.1 million tonnes per annum) comes mainly from Indonesia and the Philippines. Coconut oil constitutes seven percent of the total export income of the Philippines, the world s largest exporter of the product. Coconut oil was developed as a commercial product by merchants in the South Seas and South Asia in the 1860s. ... 

Fat and oil manufacturers relied on tropical fat and oil replacement with soybean, com, cotton, and canola oils that can mimic the characteristics of tropical oils (coconut and palm) and animal fats (lard and tallow). Some fats and oils are considered as healthier than others due to their higher level of polyunsaturated fatty acids relatively to their saturated fatty acids content. For example canola oil shows a healthier profile than soybean oil due to its overall fatty acid composition of 50% less saturated fat and higher monounsaturates. However, the marketing approach of one fat or oil over another stems from the trend toward products offering health claims, such as heart-healthy , may lower cholesterol , etc. 

GUbitz GM, Mittelbach M, Trabi M (1999) Exploitation of the tropical oil seed plant Jatropha curcas L. Bioresour Technol 67 73-82... 

Jones, J.M. (1989). Tropical Oils Truth and Consequences. Cereal Foods World, 34, 866-871. 

It is common now to see "contains no tropical oils" on cooking-oil labels, meaning that the oil contains no palm or coconut oil. What is the difference... 

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