Palmitoleic acid

Palmitoleic acid (16 ln-7), also referred to as zoomaric acid, is synthesized de novo in microorganisms, plants, animals, and humans by A -desaturadon of palmitic acid (16 0). It can be converted to c -vaccenic acid (18 ln-7) through two-carbon chain elongation. 

Palmitoleic acid is commonly found at low levels in animal and plant tissues (Gunstone, 1994). It is present in most fish oils at levels of around 10% (w/w) of total fatty acids. In animal depot fat, the level of palmitoleic acid varies between 3% and 10%, depending on location and animal species. In human and animal milk, the proportion of palmitoleic acid, together with other 16 1 isomers, is typically 2-6%, with exceptionally high levels found in grey seal milk (16%) and camel colostrum (14%) and milk (10%) (Gorban and Izzeldin, 2001). 

Palmitoleic acid represents 1% of total fatty acids in most vegetable oils (Padley et al, 1994), with higher levels in a few plant sources of which sea buckthorn and macadamia are the best known. 

Macadamia is a large evergreen tree indigenous to the coastal rain forest of 

The seed oil of cat s claw (Doxantha unguis-catil. ) contains 64% palmitoleic acid, and the sum of palmitoleic acid and cw-vaccenic acid is -80% (w/w) of total fatty acids (Gaboon etal., 1998). The seeds of Kermadecia sinuata, native to New Caledonia, contain 42% oil with palmitoleic acid (33%) and other 16 1 isomers (36%) as the major fatty acids (Vickery, 1969). 

Palmitoleic Acid (50). Carbon-13-labellcd lipids have been obtained from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The yeast was grown on an enriched complex medium that was supplemented with 0.11 % sodium [2- C]acetate (50—60% entiched). The lipid fraction was isolated from the harvested cells, and the fatty acid methyl esters were then isolated and purified by gas chromatography.  

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Palmitic acid, structure of, 1062 Palmitoleic acid, structure of, 1062 PAM resin, solid-phase peptide synthesis and, 1037 Para (m), 519 Paraffin, 91 Parallel synthesis, 586 Parent peak (mass spectrum), 410 Partial charge, 36 Pasteur, Louis, 297, 307... 

Figure 23-1. Structure of some unsaturated fatty acids. Although the carbon atoms in the molecules are conventionally numbered—ie, numbered from the carboxyl terminal—the co numbers (eg, co7 in palmitoleic acid) are calculated from the reverse end (the methyl terminal) of the molecules. The information in parentheses shows, for instance, that a-linolenic acid contains double bonds starting at the third carbon from the methyl terminal, has 18 carbons and 3 double bonds, and has these double bonds at the 9th, 12th, and 15th carbons from the carboxyl terminal. (Asterisks Classified as "essential fatty acids.")...

SCDs are a family of microsomal Fe-based metalloenzymes. They act on long-chain saturated acyl CoAs and introduce a ds-double bond at the C-9 or C-10 position. For example, SCDs convert stearic acid into oleic acid, and palmitic acid into palmitoleic acid. Monounsaturated FAs constitute a major component of TGs, cholesteryl esters, and phospholipids. The reaction requires molecular 02 and NADH and generates H20 in the process [3,4]. 

The tuft-forming green alga Cladophora glomerata synthesizes a wide variety of toxic fatty acids, including capric and palmitoleic acids, which have been demonstrated to be insecticidal and allelopathic (Dodds and Gudder 1992). 

The second family of secreted proteins that is covalently lipidated is the family of Wnt proteins. They are also involved in numerous processes like proliferation of stem cells, specification of the neural crest, and the expanding of specific cell types. The correct regulation of this pathway is important for animal development. Willert and coworkers were the first to isolate an active Wnt molecule. Mass spectroscopy studies carried out with the isolated protein revealed that cysteine 93 is palmitoylated. Mutating this amino acid to alanine led to almost complete loss of the signaling activity. Later in 2006, a second lipidation was found on a serine in Wnt3a. " In this case, the hydroxyl side chain is acylated with palmitoleic acid. This unsaturated fatty acid seems to be crucial for the progression of the protein through the secretory pathway. The attachment of two different lipid chains may therefore serve different functions. ... 

Palmitoleic acid (C j, 1 double bond) Oleic acid (C g, 1 double bond)... 

P F]F2 adds across the double bond of c/ s-9,10-palmitoleic acid in a syn fashion (Scheme 14) to yield a mixture of racemic eryf/ ro-9,10-c// [ F]fluoropalmitic acid in 12-16% radiochemical yield. It was designed for the study of fatty-acid metabolism [89]. 

Palmitic acid Sd , P1CS172 Palmitoleic acid Picsi72 Pectin Pi ... 

A wide range of volatile compounds from Indian mango were identified by pioneer group research [20,21]. Esters, lactones, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and furanones were among the volatiles. It has been suggested that the ratio of palmitic to palmitoleic acids determines the flavour quality of the ripe fruit, a ratio of less than 1 resulting in strong aroma and flavour [44]. 

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